Prostate cancer IV is stage 4.

Written by Cui Fang Bo
Oncology
Updated on November 09, 2024
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Prostate cancer stage IV refers to stage four prostate cancer, which is a common type of male reproductive organ tumor, particularly prevalent among elderly men. Stage four prostate cancer means that the tumor is not confined to the prostate and has already shown corresponding distant metastasis. The most common sites of metastasis for prostate cancer are the bones, followed by the lungs, liver, and others. When metastasis of prostate cancer occurs, it is considered to be at a late stage, and the primary treatments include endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, etc., with a poor prognosis.

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The difference between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

Prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are sometimes very difficult to distinguish clinically, as both diseases occur in elderly men, can cause lower urinary tract symptoms, and lead to elevated PSA levels. However, prostatic hyperplasia generally has a longer medical history, whereas prostate cancer has a shorter history and progresses more quickly. During a digital rectal exam for prostatic hyperplasia, the gland appears enlarged and the surface is smooth. In contrast, during a prostate exam, the gland may show irregular enlargement, a rough surface, and the tumor feels firm. When these two are difficult to distinguish, considering a prostate biopsy may be advisable.

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What causes prostate cancer?

The current causes of prostate cancer are not completely understood, but a large amount of research indicates that genetic and environmental factors play a significant role. Dietary factors, such as the intake of a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, vasectomy, smoking, obesity, and alcohol consumption, also increase the risk of developing prostate cancer. Overall, the occurrence and development of prostate cancer are related to various factors, including both internal causes in the patient and the influence of external factors.

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What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

Early-stage prostate cancer generally has no symptoms, but if the patient also has prostate enlargement, or in cases of mid to late-stage prostate cancer where the tumor invades the urethra or bladder, various degrees of urinary obstruction or irritative urinary symptoms may occur. This is characterized by frequent urination and urgency. If there are local infiltrative symptoms, perineal pain and sciatica might occur. If the vas deferens is compressed, it can cause back pain and pain in the testicles on the affected side. Invasion of the rectum can cause difficulty in defecation or obstruction of the colon, and if the membranous part of the urethra is involved, urinary incontinence may occur. The most common site of metastasis for prostate cancer is the bones. If it spreads to the bones, it can cause bone pain, pathological fractures, anemia, and spinal cord compression leading to paralysis of the lower limbs.

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Pathological classification of prostate cancer

The classification of precancerous lesions of prostate cancer is divided into two categories: intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. Among these, the relationship between intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and prostate cancer is the closest. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate is currently recognized as a precancerous lesion of prostate cancer, while atypical adenomatous hyperplasia has not been proven to be a precancerous lesion of prostate cancer according to current evidence. However, the biological behavior of this atypical adenomatous hyperplasia is not very clear yet, so it should be closely monitored. The histological classification of prostate cancer mainly includes the majority of acinar adenocarcinoma and a small amount of ductal adenocarcinoma, with acinar adenocarcinoma being a highly invasive malignant tumor.

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androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer includes surgical castration, which can quickly and continuously reduce levels to very low levels. The second is medical castration, which involves the use of analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Currently available products include leuprolide, goserelin, and triptorelin. Third, estrogen therapy, with diethylstilbestrol being the most common estrogen treatment. Surgical castration, medical castration, or estrogen therapy offer similar progression-free survival rates in patients with tumor-related outcomes.