What are the infectious causes of pericarditis?

Written by Tang Li
Cardiology
Updated on September 07, 2024
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The causes of pericarditis include the following types: first, acute nonspecific; second, tumors; third, autoimmune disorders; fourth, metabolic diseases; fifth, physical factors such as trauma and radiation; sixth, diseases of adjacent organs and tissues, such as acute myocardial infarction, pleurisy, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, etc. The infectious causes of acute pericarditis mainly include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and rickettsiae. Common types of pericarditis include tuberculous pericarditis and purulent pericarditis.

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Written by Li Hai Wen
Cardiology
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Symptoms of Acute Pericarditis

Acute pericarditis is not a common disease in daily life. What symptoms or clinical manifestations will appear after someone develops acute pericarditis? The clinical manifestations are mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, patients often experience chest pain and shortness of breath, and this pain often has a certain relationship with breathing. Second, the electrocardiogram often shows changes with ST segment elevation. Third, during a physical examination, doctors can often hear pericardial friction rub, or may feel the sensation of pericardial friction. Based on these symptoms and signs, doctors often make a diagnosis of acute pericarditis.

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Written by Liu Ying
Cardiology
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How is constrictive pericarditis treated?

We say constrictive pericarditis refers to a disorder of circulatory disturbances caused by the heart being encased in a densely thickened fibrotic or calcified pericardium, which restricts the filling of the ventricles during diastole. Most patients with constrictive pericarditis will progress to chronic constrictive pericarditis. At this point, the only effective treatment method is pericardiectomy, but the perioperative risk is very high. A small portion of patients have short-term or reversible pericardial constriction, so for patients who are recently diagnosed and have stable conditions, it is possible to try anti-inflammatory treatment for 2-3 months unless complications such as cardiac cachexia, cardiogenic cirrhosis, or myocardial atrophy occur. For tuberculous pericarditis, anti-tuberculosis treatment is recommended to delay the progression of pericardial constriction, and post-surgery, anti-tuberculosis treatment should continue for one year.

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Written by Liu Ying
Cardiology
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Early symptoms of acute pericarditis

The early symptoms of acute pericarditis are pain, which is located behind the sternum or in the precordial area, typically seen in the fibrin exudative type of inflammation. This pain arises from the friction between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. The nature of the pain is very sharp and related to respiratory movement, commonly exacerbated by coughing, deep breathing, or swallowing. The pain can radiate to the neck, left shoulder, and left arm. As fluid accumulates in the pericardium and the two layers of the pericardium separate, the pain may decrease or disappear.

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Written by Tang Li
Cardiology
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What are the symptoms of pericarditis?

Fibrinous pericarditis is primarily characterized by precordial pain, similar to that seen in acute nonspecific pericarditis and infectious pericarditis. Tuberculous or neoplastic pericarditis that develops slowly may not show obvious pain symptoms. The nature of the pain can be sharp and related to respiratory movements. It is often exacerbated by coughing, deep breathing, changing body position, or swallowing. The pain is located in the precordial area and may radiate to the neck, left shoulder, left arm, and left scapula, and can also reach the upper abdomen. The pain can be compressive and located behind the sternum. The most prominent symptom of exudative pericarditis is dyspnea, which may be associated with bronchopulmonary compression and pulmonary congestion. In severe cases of dyspnea, the patient may sit up to breathe, leaning forward, with rapid and shallow breathing and pale complexion. There may be hepatomegaly, as well as compression of the trachea and esophagus causing dry cough, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing. Rapid pericardial effusion can lead to acute cardiac tamponade, presenting with significant tachycardia and decreased blood pressure. Reduced pulse pressure and increased venous pressure, if the cardiac output significantly drops, can lead to shock. If the fluid accumulates slowly, it could lead to subacute or chronic cardiac tamponade, characterized by systemic venous congestion and distended jugular veins.

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acute pericarditis clinical manifestations

The clinical manifestations of acute pericarditis include symptoms and signs. The symptoms of acute pericarditis are pain behind the sternum and in the precordial region, which often occurs during the fibrinous exudative phase of inflammation. The pain can radiate to the neck, left shoulder, left arm, and even the upper abdomen. The nature of the pain is sharp, related to respiratory movements. As the condition progresses, the pain can disappear and be replaced by difficulty breathing. Some patients may develop significant pericardial effusion leading to cardiac tamponade, resulting in symptoms such as difficulty breathing, edema, and other related symptoms. During acute pericarditis, the most diagnostically valuable sign is the pericardial friction rub, typically located in the precordial area. A typical friction rub can be heard consistent with atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, and ventricular relaxation, known as a triphasic friction rub, and so on.