Patients with constrictive pericarditis often have a history of pericarditis, pericardial effusion, malignant tumors, and other diseases. Some patients have an insidious onset with no obvious clinical symptoms in the early stages. The main symptoms can include palpitations, exertional dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, enlarged liver, pleural effusion, abdominal effusion, and edema of the lower limbs. Patients with constrictive pericarditis commonly present with elevated jugular venous pressure, and often have a reduced pulse pressure. Most patients exhibit a negative apical beat during systole, with a commonly faster heart rate. The rhythm can be sinus, atrial, or ventricular, with premature contractions possible, as well as Kussmaul's sign. In the late stages, muscle atrophy, cachexia, and severe edema can occur.