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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease Braak staging
Parkinson's disease Braak staging is generally divided into five stages: Stage 1 refers to unilateral symptoms only, such as tremors or stiffness in one hand or one foot, with symptoms confined to one side of the body and not crossing the midline. Stage 2 refers to mild symptoms on both sides, such as tremors in both hands or throughout the body, but without impairment of balance. Stage 3 refers to more pronounced bilateral symptoms, such as difficulty lifting legs, taking small shuffling steps, leaning forward, or instability when holding a bowl while eating, but capable of living normally. Stage 4 refers to the loss of most of the ability for autonomous activity. Stage 5 refers to a complete loss of the ability to live independently.
Can Parkinson's disease be cured?
The core treatment for Parkinson's disease currently is pharmacotherapy, with surgical treatment serving as a supplement. Additionally, physical rehabilitation and psychological therapy are also recommended. The most effective drugs against Parkinson's at present include Levodopa, or compound Levodopa preparations. Other treatments include dopamine receptor agonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, amantadine, anticholinergic drugs, and catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors. Furthermore, there are treatments aimed at non-motor symptoms, such as psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairments, autonomic dysfunctions, and sleep disorders. For drug treatments, it is advisable to start with a low dose and gradually increase to an appropriate dosage while maintaining the medication regimen. Currently, we cannot cure Parkinson's disease; we can only provide relief to the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease through comprehensive treatment. (The use of medications should be under the guidance of a doctor.)
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
The main symptoms of Parkinson's disease are divided into two major categories: motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms. The motor symptoms include bradykinesia and hypokinesia, specifically characterized by slow movement speed and reduced amplitude. In daily life, this results in clumsiness with actions such as difficulty standing up, small arm swings while walking, or even no swinging at all, a lack of facial expressions, and progressively smaller handwriting. The second type is resting tremor, which includes pill-rolling movements along with muscle rigidity and postural and gait imbalances, such as a panicked gait or taking very small steps that accelerate and become faster without the ability to stop or turn promptly. Non-motor symptoms include issues such as olfactory dysfunction, sleep disturbances, constipation, and depression.
The causes of Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease, also known as tremor paralysis, is a common neurodegenerative disorder. The cause of Parkinson's disease is not yet clear, but it may be related to several factors, such as aging, genetics, and environmental factors. Since Parkinson's disease is the result of multiple factors, including abnormal protein aggregation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and excitotoxicity of glutamate, these elements lead to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and a reduction in dopamine neurotransmitters in the striatum. This ultimately results in the patient's bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and resting tremor.
Methods of Diagnosing Parkinson's Disease
In the auxiliary examinations for Parkinson's disease, routine laboratory tests as well as CT and MRI scans of the head generally show no specific changes. However, in molecular imaging, PET CT can reveal a significant decrease in striatal dopamine transporter. For olfactory tests, over 80% of Parkinson's patients exhibit olfactory dysfunction. Doppler ultrasound can also detect a significant enhancement of the substantia nigra signal. Despite these advancements in auxiliary examinations, diagnosis in patients with Parkinson's disease still primarily relies on clinical evaluation. According to the 2015 criteria, the diagnostic standards are still based on clinical diagnosis, which includes two main points: first, bradykinesia, where voluntary movements are slow and the speed and amplitude of repetitive movements progressively decrease; second, at least one of the following two manifestations must be present: muscular rigidity or resting tremor.
What foods should be eaten for Parkinson's disease?
Parkinson's disease does not have any specific dietary restrictions, but the following aspects are recommended for patients: First, patients should consume more laxative vegetables and fruits, such as spinach, bananas, and celery, which help maintain the motility of the large intestine and promote bowel movements. Since many Parkinson's patients suffer from constipation, these foods can greatly improve their bowel movements and are recommended. Second, Parkinson's patients can also eat foods that nourish brain cells, such as pine nuts, walnuts, and pistachios. Third, patients may consume some plant oils, mainly olive oil, which can also play a good regulatory role. Fourth, Parkinson's patients should be cautious about the timing of protein intake in relation to their medication schedule, to avoid affecting the absorption of the medication.
Early symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease in its early stages may primarily manifest as clumsiness in limb movement, especially in fine motor skills, such as difficulty in wrapping dumplings, rolling dumpling wrappers, or slow buttoning, which are clinical signs of early symptoms. Some patients may initially experience slight trembling in the limbs, which is generally more pronounced during rest and relaxation and diminishes during activity. Additionally, some individuals with early Parkinson's disease primarily exhibit non-motor symptoms, such as constipation, depression, reduced sense of smell, and may also experience rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, characterized by shouting and physical actions like punching or kicking during sleep.
How long does the course of Parkinson's disease usually last?
The course of Parkinson's disease generally lasts for how long? Parkinson's disease, also known as shaking palsy, is a common neurodegenerative disease, and the age at onset varies. For early-onset Parkinson's disease, it generally starts around age 40 to 50, while late-onset Parkinson's disease generally starts after age 50. As age gradually increases, the course of Parkinson's disease is generally about 20 to 40 years. Once diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, it is a lifelong condition. This disease is incurable, and can only be managed through medications, surgical treatments, physical rehabilitation, and psychological therapies to improve or control symptoms, but it cannot be cured. Therefore, once diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, the disease is lifelong.
Can people with Parkinson's disease drink alcohol?
Patients with Parkinson's disease should not drink alcohol. This is primarily due to concerns that due to the symptoms of movement slowness and muscle rigidity, they may exhibit abnormal postural balance, greatly increasing the risk of falling. Consuming alcohol can inhibit the function of the cerebellum, exacerbating limb ataxia and increasing the risk of falling, which poses significant risks to the patient. Therefore, to protect the balance function of patients and prevent the risk of falling, they should not consume alcohol. Additionally, patients with Parkinson's disease often need to take multiple medications for their condition, and these medications should not be taken with alcohol to avoid exacerbating any adverse reactions.
Can Parkinson's disease be cured?
Firstly, it must be noted that Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease which currently cannot be cured. Although Parkinson's disease cannot be cured, there are many methods available to slow the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life for patients. Patients must take medication regularly under the guidance of a doctor. The treatment methods for Parkinson's disease mainly include: First, patients should strengthen their functional training and engage in as much physical activity and exercise as possible, which can help in treating the disease. Second, regular medication is necessary, mainly referring to drugs used for treating Parkinson's disease. These include dopamine receptor agonists, anticholinergic drugs, and Levodopa preparations, all of which can have good effects, but these medications also have certain side effects and require regular follow-up visits at outpatient clinics. (Specific medications should be taken under the guidance of a physician.)