Subscribe
28
Tang Zhuo
Endocrinology
About me
Deputy Chief Physician of the Endocrinology Department at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, holding a master's degree from Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University, leading and participating in several provincial-level scientific research projects, and publishing multiple professional papers in core journals.
Proficient in diseases
Treat various endocrine disorders.
Voices
Manifestations of Hypoglycemia
When the blood glucose level of a normal person falls below 2.8mmol/L, or for diabetics below 3.9mmol/L, it is referred to as hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia refers to a clinical syndrome caused by an abnormally low glucose concentration in the blood due to various reasons. Clinically, it primarily manifests through symptoms stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and affects on the central nervous system. Typical signs of hypoglycemia include excessive sympathetic nervous excitement, such as sweating, hunger, palpitations, trembling, and paleness. Additionally, there are manifestations of brain dysfunction, initially presenting as lack of concentration, slow thinking and speech, dizziness, drowsiness, restlessness, irritability, and bizarre behavior. In severe cases, seizures, coma, and even death may occur.
Obesity is formed in what way?
Obesity, also known as adiposity, is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an excessive accumulation of fat in the body or abnormal fat distribution. The exact causes of obesity are not clear, but it is generally believed to be the result of the interaction of multiple factors including environmental and genetic factors. In terms of environmental factors, there is a tendency for obesity to cluster in families; individuals with one or both parents who are obese have a significantly increased likelihood of being obese themselves. The second factor is environmental influences. Consuming more calories than are expended is the primary cause of obesity. Additionally, sedentary lifestyles, lack of physical exercise, and insufficient physical activity all contribute to reduced energy expenditure, leading to obesity. Poor dietary habits, such as eating large portions, a preference for sweets, or oily foods, also increase calorie intake and contribute to the occurrence of obesity. Furthermore, genetic mutations can also lead to obesity. Another viewpoint suggests that childhood obesity can increase the incidence of adult obesity, with people who were obese after the age of six having a more than 50% chance of being obese in adulthood.
Does type 2 diabetes have a genetic component?
Diabetes has a high prevalence worldwide, especially type 2 diabetes, which accounts for over 90% of all cases. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is very complex, including genetic susceptibility, as well as environmental factors, insulin resistance, and defects in the function of pancreatic beta cells. Thus, environmental factors are one of the influencing factors in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. There is evidence showing a familial clustering tendency among patients, but genetic factors are not the sole cause of type 2 diabetes; environmental factors also play a role. With changes in diet and lifestyle in recent years, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has noticeably increased. Even with similar genetic backgrounds, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes varies among populations living in different areas. Therefore, diabetes can be considered a complex disease, where individuals with a genetic predisposition to diabetes, under the influence of adverse environmental conditions, can also develop elevated blood sugar levels and consequently diabetes.
Gestational diabetes standard values
Standards for gestational diabetes, so what is gestational diabetes? It refers to diabetes that either develops during pregnancy or is first detected at this stage, presenting varying degrees of hyperglycemia, including previously unrecognized glucose intolerance or diabetes prior to pregnancy. Pregnancies in known diabetic patients are not included in this category, and may also be referred to as diabetes complicating pregnancy. So, how is gestational diabetes diagnosed? We can conduct a 75g anhydrous glucose tolerance test, where a fasting blood glucose greater than or equal to 5.1 mmol/L, and blood glucose greater than 10 mmol/L one hour after, meets the criteria to diagnose gestational diabetes.
What causes obesity?
Obesity, also known as adiposis, is a chronic metabolic disease caused by excessive accumulation of fat in the body or abnormal distribution of fat. The causes of obesity are numerous and complex. The exact cause is not clear, but it is believed to include a variety of factors such as genetics and environment, which interact with each other. From the perspective of genetic factors, the probability of developing obesity significantly increases. The second factor, the environment, mainly includes diet and physical activity. Long periods of sitting or lack of sports, and insufficient physical activity can lead to reduced energy expenditure. Poor dietary habits, such as overeating, a preference for sweets or greasy foods, can easily lead to obesity. Thirdly, it can be due to some genetic abnormalities. Fourth, obesity in childhood is also more likely to progress to adult obesity, with more than 50% of individuals who are obese after the age of six developing obesity in adulthood.
What diseases are people with obesity prone to?
Obesity, also known as adiposis, is a chronic metabolic disease caused by excessive accumulation or abnormal distribution of body fat. It results from the interaction of multiple factors, including genetics and environmental elements. Patients with obesity have a significantly increased incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, osteoarticular diseases, and certain tumors and cardiovascular diseases are closely related to obesity.
Hyperkalemia is seen in which diseases?
When serum potassium levels exceed 5.5 millimoles per liter, it is referred to as hyperkalemia. Elevated serum potassium does not reflect an overall increase in body potassium, but due to limitations in testing methods, the clinical diagnosis of hyperkalemia still relies on combining serum potassium levels with electrocardiogram history. The causes of hyperkalemia are complex and commonly include: First, decreased renal potassium excretion, seen in acute kidney failure or insufficiency in adrenal cortical hormone synthesis and secretion, or long-term use of potassium-sparing diuretics; Second, shifts of potassium from inside the cells, often due to hemolysis, tissue damage, large-scale necrosis of tumors and inflammatory cells, shock, burns, excessive muscle contractions, acidosis, or injection of hypertonic saline or mannitol, which causes dehydration inside cells and leads to potassium leakage, resulting in hyperkalemia; Third, excessive intake of potassium-containing medications, such as high doses of potassium penicillin; Fourth, transfusion of stored blood can lead to hyperkalemia; Fifth, digitalis poisoning can cause hyperkalemia.
Does thyroiditis hurt?
Thyroiditis refers to a group of clinical diseases that involve the thyroid gland due to various reasons. Due to different causes, the clinical manifestations and prognosis of thyroiditis can vary significantly. Based on the duration of the disease, thyroiditis can be classified as acute, subacute, and chronic. Based on the cause, it can be divided into infectious, autoimmune, and radiation-induced thyroiditis, among others. Common types of thyroiditis that cause pain mainly include acute thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis, while chronic thyroiditis, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis, and postpartum thyroiditis, generally do not cause pain.
What medicine should I take for hyperlipidemia?
In clinical practice, the basic tests for blood lipids include total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. When hyperlipidemia is diagnosed, the first approach is to implement comprehensive treatment measures, starting with therapeutic lifestyle changes, which are fundamental and primary measures for controlling abnormal blood lipids. Medication should be used when necessary, strictly according to indications, and with careful monitoring of adverse drug reactions. The main categories of lipid-lowering drugs include: first, statins, such as atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, and pitavastatin; second, fibrates, such as fenofibrate and bezafibrate; third, niacin; and fourth, bile acid sequestrants. (The use of these drugs should be under the guidance of a doctor.)
The Harms of Obesity
Mild to moderate primary obesity might not present with noticeable symptoms. However, individuals with severe obesity may experience heat intolerance, reduced physical activity capability, mild shortness of breath during activities, and snoring during sleep. The likelihood of developing coronary heart disease and hypertension is significantly higher in obese individuals compared to those who are not obese. Obesity leads to reduced lung capacity and decreased pulmonary compliance, which can cause various pulmonary functional abnormalities. For instance, obese hypoventilation syndrome, clinically characterized by sleepiness, obesity, and alveolar hypoventilation, often accompanies obstructive sleep apnea. Severe cases of obesity may lead to pulmonary heart syndrome. Obese individuals often experience metabolic disorders of lipids and carbohydrates; lipid metabolism disorders can lead to hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, while carbohydrate metabolism disorders are marked by glucose intolerance and diabetes. Moreover, obese individuals are more prone to arthritis, gout, and osteoporosis. Sexual dysfunction is common in obese individuals, with some obese men developing gynecomastia; obese girls tend to have an earlier onset of menstruation, while adult women with obesity often experience menstrual disorders, and in severe cases, amenorrhea. The incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome is also significantly higher in obese women compared to non-obese women.