The effects of gestational diabetes on the mother mainly include an increased risk of miscarriage, concurrent conditions such as gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, as well as the potential for diabetic ketoacidosis. The presence of a large fetus can lead to difficult labor, damage to the birth canal, prolonged surgical delivery, and an increased likelihood of postpartum hemorrhage. Additionally, women with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing the condition again in future pregnancies. In terms of long-term effects, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes significantly increases after experiencing gestational diabetes. For the fetus, the impacts of gestational diabetes primarily manifest as an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage, congenital anomalies, and abnormal development. There is also a heightened risk of hyperinsulinemia, which can even affect the proper development and maturity of the fetal lungs, leading to delays. After birth, conditions such as hypoglycemia and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome are more likely to occur. In the long term, offspring of women with gestational diabetes are at higher risk for glucose intolerance, diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. These conditions significantly increase the risks to the cardiovascular system and can affect neuromotor development.