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Lin Xiang Dong
Endocrinology
About me
Medical doctor.
Proficient in diseases
Deep research into diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Proficient in thyroid fine needle aspiration and microwave ablation. Familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in other internal medicine departments such as cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and digestive diseases.
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Causes of hyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia is divided into primary hyperuricemia and secondary hyperuricemia. Primary hyperuricemia is mainly due to a disorder in the metabolism of purines in the body, leading to excessive production of uric acid, which in turn causes hyperuricemia. Prolonged duration can greatly increase the risk of gout. Secondary hyperuricemia refers to hyperuricemia caused by excessive production or excretion obstacles due to some common diseases, the most common being chronic renal failure or some tumors, etc.
Hyperuricemia standards
The diagnostic criteria for hyperuricemia specify that under normal purine diet conditions, if the fasting serum uric acid level on non-consecutive days exceeds 420 micromoles/liter for males and 360 micromoles/liter for females, hyperuricemia can be diagnosed. Hyperuricemia is typically classified into primary hyperuricemia and secondary hyperuricemia, with most patients showing no clear clinical symptoms.
What to do about hypoglycemia?
After a hypoglycemic episode, we need to handle it quickly. Usually, based on symptoms of hypoglycemia, such as dizziness, palpitations, cold sweats, pale complexion, and trembling hands, we can preliminarily judge the likelihood of a hypoglycemic attack. Then, use a rapid glucose meter to measure fingertip blood sugar levels. For non-diabetic patients, a blood sugar level below 2.8 mmol/L and for diabetic patients, a level below 3.9 mmol/L can be indicative. Next, we quickly provide sugar, offering oral sugar water, sugary drinks, or sugar-containing fruits, cookies, bread, etc. After these treatments, the symptoms of hypoglycemia can be quickly alleviated.
How to test for hypoglycemia?
Hypoglycemia refers to a syndrome characterized by symptoms of sympathetic nerve excitation and brain cell hypoxia due to low blood glucose concentration. We usually identify hypoglycemia first by a series of symptoms. The primary symptoms of hypoglycemia are sympathetic nerve symptoms, including dizziness, palpitations, cold sweats, hunger, and pallor. If these symptoms occur, we use a glucometer to determine if the blood sugar level is below 2.8 mmol/L. If the blood sugar is below 2.8 mmol/L, one should quickly consume sugary water and energy. If the patient's symptoms are alleviated, then it is considered hypoglycemia.
Hyperuricemia manifestations
Most cases of hyperuricemia usually have no obvious clinical symptoms, and it can take years to decades from the increase in blood uric acid to symptom onset, with some individuals never exhibiting obvious clinical symptoms throughout their lifetime. However, as age increases, the incidence of gout becomes higher. When accompanied by acute gouty arthritis, patients may experience severe joint pain. If blood uric acid levels remain high over a long period, this can lead to the formation of gouty tophi and uric acid stones, among other issues.
Where does diabetic foot hurt?
Diabetic foot refers to those with a history of diabetes who subsequently develop skin ulceration and pus formation on the feet, which can progress to localized gangrene or gangrene of the entire foot. This condition is then termed as diabetic foot. It is usually due to three factors: The first is vascular factors, often accompanied by arterial narrowing in both lower limbs, leading to ischemia and hypoxia. The second is neurological factors, typically accompanied by peripheral neuropathy, causing numbness in both feet and insensitivity to pain, thus often pain is not felt. The third factor involves the presence of an infection. These three factors together make it easy for diabetic foot to develop. Therefore, most patients with diabetic foot do not feel pain. However, if the neuropathy is relatively mild or is a painful neuropathy, these patients may feel pain in their feet or at the site of skin ulceration.
Gestational diabetes symptoms
Gestational diabetes shows several symptoms, the most typical being the "three more one less" syndrome, namely increased thirst, increased appetite, urination, and weight loss. The second common manifestation is fatigue, which is due to glucose not being utilized effectively in the body and being broken down too quickly, leading to insufficient energy replenishment. The third is unexplained frequent fungal infections, such as recurring candidal infections of the vulva and vagina, at which point blood sugar screening should be considered. The fourth symptom is pregnancy accompanied by excessive amniotic fluid or a large fetus. The fifth is glucose positivity in urine from two fasting morning samples.
The harms of hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia poses significant risks to the human body and mainly includes the following aspects: Firstly, hypoglycemia can lead to brain dysfunction, initially characterized by lack of mental focus, sluggish thinking and speech, dizziness, drowsiness, irritability, and other symptoms. In later stages, seizures, coma, and even death may occur. Secondly, recurrent hypoglycemic episodes can cause irreversible damage to the central nervous system, leading to changes in personality, mental disorders, dementia, etc. Thirdly, hypoglycemia can stimulate the cardiovascular system, trigger arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and so on. Fourthly, prolonged hypoglycemic coma, if unnoticed, can result in death.
Hyperuricemia Typing
Hyperuricemia can usually be divided into two types: primary hyperuricemia and secondary hyperuricemia. The first type, primary hyperuricemia, is mainly due to congenital purine metabolic disorders, leading to excessive production of uric acid in the body, which then causes hyperuricemia. Secondary hyperuricemia is caused by a variety of acute and chronic diseases, such as common chronic renal failure, and hematological tumors, among others.
How to test for diabetes?
The examination for diabetes primarily involves assessment based on symptoms and measuring blood glucose levels through a venous sample. Typical clinical symptoms of diabetes include "three more and one less"; where "three more" refers to dry mouth, increased thirst, and frequent urination, and "one less" refers to weight loss. Thus, generally, when these symptoms are observed, there is an awareness of the possibility of diabetes. Subsequently, one should consult a hospital for further tests, which usually include urine testing and venous blood extraction. For diabetic patients, the glucose level in routine urine tests will significantly increase. Another measure is the direct measurement of blood glucose through venous blood. A fasting blood glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/L, or a two-hour glucose level of ≥11.1 mmol/L post-OGTT, or a random blood glucose level of ≥11.1 mmol/L, meeting any one of these conditions, combined with the symptoms of diabetes, can diagnose the disease.