Fractures are categorized into several types.

Written by Na Hong Wei

Orthopedics

Updated on March 28, 2025

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In short, fractures can be classified into the following types:

First, based on the integrity of the skin and mucous membrane at the fracture site, it can be classified into closed fractures and open fractures.

Second, based on the shape and degree of the fracture. It can be categorized into oblique fractures, transverse fractures, spiral fractures, comminuted fractures, greenstick fractures, impacted fractures, compression fractures, and bone injuries.

Third, based on the stability of the fracture ends, it can be classified into stable fractures and unstable fractures. Among unstable fractures, these include oblique fractures, spiral fractures, and comminuted fractures. Thus, fracture classification fundamentally falls into these major categories.

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Written by Li Jie

Orthopedics

58sec

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Symptoms of rib fracture

After a rib fracture, the main symptom is pain. This is because the intercostal nerves located in the rib area are very rich, making the pain quite intense. Especially when the patient coughs or sneezes, and when the abdominal pressure increases, the pain can get quite severe. Also, when the patient changes their position, such as moving from sitting to lying down, or from lying down to sitting up to standing, the pain is very apparent. Additionally, another sign that may appear is local crepitus or a sensation of bone rubbing. That is, when pressing with a hand, one might feel the rubbing of the fractured bone and hear a crackling sound under the hand. Moreover, a rib fracture could lead to the accumulation of fluid or air in the chest cavity. If there is fluid or air in the chest cavity, it can be accompanied by difficulties in breathing and poor respiratory function, shortness of breath, and other related symptoms. These are some common symptoms of rib fractures.

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Written by Wang Cheng Lin

Orthopedics

49sec

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Symptoms of toe fracture

The symptoms of a toe fracture primarily include pain, swelling, and limited mobility. If there is a noticeable displacement of the fracture ends, a typical deformity can also occur. For the treatment of toe fractures, conservative treatment such as casting or using a brace may be sufficient if it is a simple linear fracture without significant misalignment of the fracture ends. However, if there is substantial shortening, rotation, separation, or if the fracture is comminuted, surgical treatment is required. During surgery, the fracture ends are repositioned through an incision. After repositioning, a Kirschner wire is used to internally fixate the fracture ends, allowing the bone to heal in the proper alignment without leaving any deformity. This describes the surgical treatment method.

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Written by Li Jie

Orthopedics

1min 24sec

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How is a fracture treated?

The treatment of fractures involves three main principles: reduction, fixation, and functional exercise. First and foremost, a perfect reduction is required after a fracture. If the alignment of the fracture is not satisfactory, the fracture may require either closed or open reduction. After a successful closed reduction, if the fracture position is stable, fixation should be considered. Generally, following a successful closed reduction, a local application of a cast or splint can be done for external fixation. If the results of closed reduction are not satisfactory, surgical open reduction may be needed. In such cases, internal fixation, possibly with steel plates, steel pins, or intramedullary nails among other methods, is necessary. These first two points cover the need for reduction and effective fixation—including both external and internal fixation. After proper fixation, the fracture can gradually heal. During the healing process, active functional exercises are needed to prevent muscle atrophy and joint adhesion. To avoid disuse of the limb, muscle atrophy after removing the cast, whether it be a leg or an arm, functional exercises are imperative. Thus, the three principles of fracture treatment are reduction, fixation, and functional exercise, requiring professional care by medical experts in accredited hospitals.

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Written by Cheng Bin

Orthopedics

55sec

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Principles of Fracture Treatment

Usually, the treatment principles for patients after a fracture are mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, it is necessary to actively reposition displaced fractures, as continuously misplaced fractures can easily lead to nonunion or malunion later on. It is crucial to actively perform manual repositioning or consider open reduction and internal fixation surgery. Second, strict rest and immobilization must be adhered to, as these provide the best conditions for fracture healing. During the treatment period, patients can take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics and medications that promote fracture healing. Third, once callus formation begins in the later stages, diligent functional exercises are necessary. (Please use medications under the guidance of a doctor)

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Written by Na Hong Wei

Orthopedics

54sec

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Fractures are categorized into several types.

In short, fractures can be classified into the following types: First, based on the integrity of the skin and mucous membrane at the fracture site, it can be classified into closed fractures and open fractures. Second, based on the shape and degree of the fracture. It can be categorized into oblique fractures, transverse fractures, spiral fractures, comminuted fractures, greenstick fractures, impacted fractures, compression fractures, and bone injuries. Third, based on the stability of the fracture ends, it can be classified into stable fractures and unstable fractures. Among unstable fractures, these include oblique fractures, spiral fractures, and comminuted fractures. Thus, fracture classification fundamentally falls into these major categories.