Does hydrocephalus affect intelligence?

Written by Chen Yu Fei
Neurosurgery
Updated on September 02, 2024
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Mild hydrocephalus generally does not significantly affect intellectual levels, while moderate or severe hydrocephalus often impacts a patient’s intelligence. In children, it can cause severe impairment in intellectual development. For adults, it results in noticeable intellectual deficiencies, primarily characterized by significant cognitive dysfunction, reduced memory, diminished calculating abilities, and weakened verbal communication skills. Additionally, individuals may appear indifferent, speak less, are reluctant to interact with others, and have difficulty expressing themselves. Furthermore, most patients experience reduced orientation abilities concerning time, people, and space, which are predominantly caused by hydrocephalus.

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Written by Gao Yi Shen
Neurosurgery
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How to deal with hydrocephalus?

The treatment of hydrocephalus must clearly identify the severity of the condition. Hydrocephalus can be categorized into acute and chronic types. In cases of acute hydrocephalus, emergency ventricular puncture drainage surgery is required, otherwise, it may cause brain herniation leading to death. For chronic hydrocephalus, it is crucial to distinguish whether it is communicating hydrocephalus or obstructive hydrocephalus. For obstructive hydrocephalus, treatment options include creating a patency in the cerebral aqueduct and third ventriculostomy. For other types of hydrocephalus, ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery can be performed. Therefore, it is essential to clearly determine the type of hydrocephalus to fundamentally select the appropriate surgical methods and instruments.

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Written by Chen Yu Fei
Neurosurgery
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How to alleviate pain from hydrocephalus?

For patients with hydrocephalus, if there is significant pain, it is mostly caused by increased intracranial pressure, often seen in progressive hydrocephalus, or obstructive hydrocephalus. As the cerebrospinal fluid gradually increases and accumulates, it leads to the expansion of the ventricular system and causes extensive hydrocephalus, accompanied by gradually increasing intracranial pressure. To alleviate the pain, one might consider taking oral long-acting analgesics to help relieve the pain. Additionally, the use of mannitol or performing a lumbar puncture to release a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid may be considered to ease the pain. However, the key is to achieve the ultimate resolution of the disease through surgery.

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Written by Tang Li Li
Neurology
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Is hydrocephalus serious?

Hydrocephalus is a relatively severe neurological disorder, generally caused by disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, leading to obstructive hydrocephalus due to blocked circulation pathways. Other causes include overproduction of CSF or reduced absorption, which can also lead to hydrocephalus. If the volume of hydrocephalus is not large, the clinical symptoms are generally not obvious, and the patient may only experience dizziness, slow response, cognitive impairment, and unstable walking. If the hydrocephalus is significant, it often causes severe compression of brain tissue, which can lead to consciousness disturbances, progressive dementia, epileptic seizures, and incontinence. Timely surgical intervention is necessary to relieve the pressure caused by the edema.

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Written by Gao Yi Shen
Neurosurgery
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Causes of hydrocephalus

There are many causes of hydrocephalus, and it is important to make specific judgments based on the circumstances. In some infants, congenital hydrocephalus can be caused by intracranial birth injuries, which occur during the birth process and lead to intracranial hemorrhaging. It can also be due to congenital developmental abnormalities, such as anencephaly or spina bifida. In adults, hydrocephalus can be caused by intracranial tumors, such as choroid plexus papillomas, which overproduce cerebrospinal fluid. Others might develop hydrocephalus due to blockages caused by blood clots, such as cerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage. There are also cases where hydrocephalus can occur alongside chronic conditions like subdural hematoma or epidural hematoma, depending on the specific clinical presentations of the patients.

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Written by Gao Yi Shen
Neurosurgery
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How should hydrocephalus be treated?

Treatment of hydrocephalus must be specific to the patient's condition, as different cases of hydrocephalus require different treatment approaches. For some mild cases of hydrocephalus without obvious clinical symptoms, the focus is on observation or the use of internal medicine to improve cerebral circulation and neuroprotective medications. However, if symptoms emerge later and significantly affect daily life, shunt surgery from the cerebral ventricles to the abdominal cavity is performed for chronic hydrocephalus, aiming to alleviate the patient's suffering. In cases of acute hydrocephalus caused by cerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage, treatment might involve the use of neuroendoscopy to create a ventriculostomy at the floor of the third ventricle or external ventricular drainage. Thus, treatment is determined based on the specific circumstances.