Uremia, also known as end-stage renal failure, has many causes. Common surgical conditions include urological obstructions such as urethral blockage, kidney tumors, malformations, kidney cancer, and others, as well as numerous kidney cysts, all of which can lead to renal failure. Common internal medicine causes include chronic glomerulonephritis, long-standing hypertension, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, etc., which can also lead to renal failure. In summary, end-stage renal failure is referred to as uremia.