Perianal abscesses and anal fistulas both belong to local infectious diseases of the anus. A perianal abscess represents the acute phase of infection, characterized by significant localized subcutaneous swelling, heat, pain, and the formation of pus and abscesses. Once the pus breaks through the skin and discharges, it naturally forms an anal fistula. Anal fistulas represent the later stages or dormant phases of local infections. Both perianal abscesses and anal fistulas require surgical treatment. The surgical method for perianal abscesses mainly involves a one-time radical surgery for the abscess, while the surgical approach for anal fistulas primarily involves fistulotomy with seton placement, followed by regular wound cleaning and dressing changes post-surgery.