Spina bifida is a common congenital malformation caused by incomplete closure of the vertebral canal during embryonic development. If the spina bifida is occult, it does not affect anything and does not cause dementia. If it is overt spina bifida, it can be diagnosed through physical examination, and confirmed with radiographic examination, CT, or MRI. Typically, the patient has a swelling along the midline of the back, which grows as they age. The cystic tension increases when the child cries, and may be accompanied by varying degrees of flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs and incontinence. Occult spina bifida generally has no symptoms and does not require intervention. However, overt spina bifida is best treated surgically, or if the occult spina bifida is accompanied by spinal cord tethering, then surgical treatment is recommended as it would be for all cases of overt spina bifida. In cases where the cyst wall is very thin and ruptured, emergency surgery is necessary and can be curative. For other cases, surgery within one to three months is optimal to prevent aggravation of the condition due to cyst rupture. Generally, adult patients with stable conditions in recent years may not need surgery.