Breast cancer surgical methods

Written by Zhang Chao Jie
Breast Surgery
Updated on January 08, 2025
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There are many surgical methods for breast cancer, but specifically, they are related to the stage of the disease. Generally speaking, the surgical methods for breast cancer include the following types: The first type is the modified radical mastectomy, which is the most traditional and has the broadest scope of excision. This often involves the complete removal of the breast, and the axilla may be cleared, or a sentinel lymph node biopsy may be performed instead, which is a possibility. The second type of breast cancer surgery is the best, used for early-stage breast cancer, which can preserve the breast, known as breast-conserving surgery. The third method of surgery involves removing all the glandular tissue inside the breast while preserving the skin, nipple, and areola complex, and then reconstructing the breast by placing an implant.

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Can breast cancer be contagious?

Breast cancer is not contagious. Infectious diseases have their natural characteristics. For instance, respiratory infectious diseases and even hepatitis can be transmitted through certain pathways. Cancer, including breast cancer, is not communicable. To date, medical research has found no evidence suggesting that cancer can be spread from person to person. Only about 5% of cancers have a genetic component. Consider this: if cancer were contagious, wouldn't medical professionals, aside from the patients' families, be the most affected group? However, how many health care providers have contracted cancer from their patients? Thus, it can be stated that breast cancer is not contagious.

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Late-stage symptoms of breast cancer

The first symptom of advanced breast cancer is a lump in the breast, which may be larger than before, or there may be multiple lumps that are fixed to the surrounding tissues and have limited mobility. The second symptom is nipple discharge, which could be watery, serous, or milky. The third possible sign is changes in the skin, such as dimpling or an orange-peel texture. The fourth point includes the retraction of the nipple, abnormalities in the areola, and thickening and reddening of the nipple skin. The fifth point can involve pain in the breast. In advanced stages, the cancer may directly invade the nerves. Sixthly, advanced breast cancer may lead to metastases; for example, brain metastases might cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting, headaches, and dizziness. If there are bone metastases, especially multiple bone metastases, symptoms could include pain in the lower back and pain along the sciatic nerve, among others.

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What is invasive breast cancer?

Invasive breast cancer is the most common tumor in women, accounting for 22% of all malignant tumors in females. Invasive breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor where cancer cells have broken through the basement membrane of the breast ducts or lobular alveoli and invaded the interstitium. The vast majority of invasive breast cancers are adenocarcinomas, originating from the epithelial cells of the breast parenchyma, especially from the terminal duct lobular units. Its characteristics include the tumor's infiltration into adjacent tissues and a marked tendency for distant metastasis.

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Male breast cancer generally occurs at what age?

The general age of onset for male breast cancer is between 65 and 67 years old, which is about five to ten years later than the onset age for female breast cancer. Male breast cancer is a relatively rare malignancy, accounting for only 0.6% to 1% of all breast cancer cases, meaning that out of 100 breast cancer patients, approximately one is male. The development of male breast cancer is caused by multiple factors, which may include genetic factors, environmental influences, and also related to levels of hormone secretion from the endocrine system.

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Symptoms of breast cancer metastasis

Symptoms of breast cancer metastasis first involve the lymph nodes, with multiple enlarged lymph nodes that can be felt beneath and above the collarbone. These can be diagnosed as metastases from breast cancer using color Doppler ultrasound and cytopathology puncture. The second symptom is bone metastasis. If there is pain in the pelvic or rib area, and an increase in alkaline phosphatase in the blood biochemistry, high suspicion of bone metastasis should be considered. It is necessary to conduct a PADCT or bone scan for further confirmation. If symptoms like coughing, expectorating phlegm, and blood-tinged sputum appear, lung metastasis should be considered, requiring further diagnosis with a CT scan.