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Leukopenia
Symptoms of leukopenia
The symptoms of leukopenia vary with the severity of the decrease in white blood cells and the disease causing the leukopenia. Mild leukopenia generally has no significant clinical manifestations. With moderate leukopenia, patients often experience symptoms of fatigue. If there is a significant decrease in white blood cells, patients often present with fever since white blood cells are the main cells in the body's defense against infections. A significant decrease in white blood cells markedly lowers the patient's resistance, thus making them more susceptible to various infections, with fever being the most common symptom of infection. Furthermore, the clinical presentations also vary with the underlying disease causing the decrease in white blood cells. For example, diseases like aplastic anemia or acute leukemia, which cause a decrease in white blood cells, may lead not only to fever but also to significant fatigue and bleeding manifestations.
What are the dangers of leukopenia?
Leukopenia is a relatively common hematological disease that can occur at any age. It is characterized by a persistent peripheral blood white blood cell count below 4×10^9/L. The onset of the disease is mostly slow, with mild symptoms. Common symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, dizziness, and pharyngitis, making individuals more susceptible to pharyngitis or mucosal ulceration. Other symptoms include reduced appetite, limb soreness, insomnia, and frequent dreaming. Individuals with leukopenia are also more prone to viral and bacterial infections. Some infections can lead to severe symptoms such as high fever, chills, and body aches. However, if there is a significant decrease in the total number of white blood cells, with the absolute neutrophil count dropping below 0.5×10^9/L, this condition is referred to as neutropenia. In such cases, symptoms may include chills, high fever, sore throat, headache, joint pain, and in severe cases, it can even lead to death.
Why does pneumonia cause a decrease in white blood cells?
When the severity of pneumonia is very severe, there can also be a decrease in white blood cells, which often suggests a higher possibility of severe pneumonia. Additionally, another scenario is viral pneumonia, where a decrease in white blood cells can also occur due to viral infections. Furthermore, there are special cases of infection, such as tuberculosis or infections caused by Mycoplasma or Chlamydia, where the use of anti-infection medications might also lead to a decrease in white blood cells. Another situation is when a patient inherently has a low white blood cell count, leading to weakened immunity and subsequently contracting pneumonia. In such cases, white blood cell counts might also not be high. Hence, severe bacterial pneumonia and decreases in white blood cells are relatively common in viral infections.
Is leukopenia very harmful?
Leukopenia primarily depends on the extent of the decrease in white blood cells, which can be classified into mild, moderate, and severe levels. Mild leukopenia generally means less than 4.0 X 10⁹/L, and if granulocytes are decreased, it typically means an absolute value of granulocytes less than 2.0 X 10⁹/L. A lack of granulocytes indicates a more severe condition, usually less than 0.5 X 10⁹/L. For patients with mild leukopenia, special preventive measures are generally not necessary. However, for moderate and severe leukopenia, the greatest risk is an increased chance of infection, as white blood cells are a marker of our ability to defend against external threats. With fewer of these defensive guards, the probability of resisting infections and the chance of acquiring infections significantly increase. Therefore, for patients with moderate leukopenia, their rate of infection increases, and it is important to take precautions, reduce visits to public places, maintain hygiene, and eliminate chronic infectious foci. For patients with severe leukopenia, aseptic isolation measures should be adopted. For patients who have infections, it is crucial to find sensitive antibiotics, preferably broad-spectrum antibiotics. If there is a concurrent fungal or viral infection, antifungal or antiviral medications should also be used, as the decrease in white blood cells can destroy a person's immune capacity, lowering immunity and increasing the chance of infections and the invasion of pathogenic bacteria, which in severe cases could even lead to sepsis or septic shock.
What are the symptoms of leukopenia?
Leukopenia is a common hematological disorder that can occur at any age. It is defined as leukopenia when the total number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood consistently falls below four times ten to the ninth power per liter. The onset of this disease is usually gradual with mild symptoms such as fatigue, palpitations, dizziness, low fever, prone to pharyngitis or mucosal ulcerations, and also includes loss of appetite, limb fatigue, insomnia with frequent dreams, and a cold stomach and backache. It makes one more susceptible to viral and bacterial infections such as colds. If leukopenia is caused by an infection, common symptoms include high fever, chills, and body aches. If the total number of white blood cells is significantly reduced, with an absolute neutrophil count below 0.5 times ten to the ninth power per liter, it is referred to as neutropenia. In such cases, the patient may experience chills, high fever, sore throat, headache, joint pain, and in severe cases, even coma and death.
What are the symptoms of leukopenia?
The most common cause of leukopenia is viral infections, along with some severe bacterial infections. Common symptoms of viral and bacterial infections include dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, chills, fever, cough, expectoration, abdominal pain, diarrhea, urgent urination, and frequent urination. Generally, further examinations can be conducted through blood draws and routine tests of blood, urine, and stool cultures. If there is an accompanying hematological disease, such as thrombocytopenia, symptoms can include general weakness, body aches, and bone pain; further bone marrow examinations should be conducted.
Is leukopenia severe?
The normal value of white blood cells in the human body is 4 to 10×10^9/L. White blood cells mainly consist of neutrophils and lymphocytes, along with some other types of eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes. If the total white blood cell count decreases, generally falling below 4 to 10×10^9/L, it is referred to as leukopenia. Among these, neutrophils are the most related to the body's immune response. If neutrophils decrease to less than 1.5×10^9/L, it is defined as neutropenia, which is very serious. If neutropenia occurs, the resistance to infections is greatly lowered, making the body highly susceptible to various infections. Active treatment to increase white blood cells is necessary; otherwise, any infection may lead to severe conditions like septicemia and septic shock, which can even be life-threatening.
What medicine is used for leukopenia?
Leukopenia refers to a condition where the absolute count of white blood cells in peripheral blood persistently falls below 4.0×10^9/L, commonly known as leukopenia. There are many causes of leukopenia, which can generally be divided into two categories: defects in white blood cell production, and excessive destruction or consumption. Common causes include certain chemicals, radiation, cytotoxic drugs, some hematological diseases such as aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, as well as Vitamin B12 deficiency, and drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism. Additionally, viral infections can lead to excessive white blood cell consumption and result in leukopenia. Therefore, when leukopenia occurs, it is crucial to actively search for the underlying causes and treat the primary condition. Meanwhile, if the patient's white blood cell count is significantly reduced, drugs that increase white blood cells may be temporarily administered to elevate the patient's white blood cell count.
Is leukopenia leukemia?
Leukopenia is not necessarily indicative of leukemia. There are many causes for a decrease in white blood cells, some of which can be due to medications. Currently, many drugs can cause a reduction in white blood cells, and in such cases, stopping the drug will typically allow the white blood cells to return to normal. A second scenario, especially in patients with an enlarged spleen or those suffering from cirrhosis, can also lead to a decrease in white blood cells. In these cases, it is mainly the abnormal function of the spleen that causes the reduction in white cells. Additionally, there are blood-related diseases, which might be leukemia or other types of blood disorders. In these situations, not only is there a reduction in white blood cells, but there is also a decrease in hemoglobin and platelets. Moreover, a significant increase in white blood cells is also a manifestation of leukemia, thus a decrease in white cells is not definitively indicative of leukemia.
What to check for the cause of leukopenia?
If there is a decrease in white blood cells, we mainly look at the total number of white blood cells and the absolute value of neutrophils in our routine blood test. The causes of leukopenia are inseparable from neutrophils, and can be mainly divided into three categories. The first category is a production defect of neutrophils, the second is excessive destruction and consumption of neutrophils, and the third is abnormal distribution of neutrophils. A major cause of decreased production of white cells and neutrophils is damage to hematopoietic stem cells by ionizing chemicals. Additionally, immune reactions and bone marrow diseases can also lead to decreased production. Another cause is a production defect due to maturation disorders in neutrophils within white blood cells, leading to reduced white blood cell production. Maturation disorders are mainly due to a lack of raw materials needed for white blood cell production. Excessive destruction and consumption of white blood cells are often due to immune factors. Immune factors are common in autoimmune diseases, thus such diseases can also lead to leukopenia. The last category, abnormal distribution, can be a severe infection that causes an abnormal distribution of white cells, retaining them alongside other substances, such as in patients with enlarged spleens, which can provoke leukopenia by causing granulocytes to be retained in circulation, especially in areas like the spleen.