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Hyperkalemia
Causes of hyperkalemia
The causes of hyperkalemia may include: First, excessive intake, such as consuming too much high-potassium food, medications with high potassium content, including some traditional Chinese medicines, potassium penicillin, stored blood, and excessive potassium supplementation. Second, it could be due to decreased potassium excretion by the kidneys. When renal insufficiency, acute or chronic renal failure occurs, it is often accompanied by severe hyperkalemia. Third, there is also decreased potassium secretion by renal tubules. When there is a deficiency of corticosteroids, there can be degenerative, asymptomatic hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can also occur when renal tubules are insensitive to aldosterone. Fourth, medications that reduce potassium excretion, such as the use of potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclosporine, etc., can also cause hyperkalemia. Fifth, the shift of potassium from inside the cells to the extracellular fluid, which can be caused by tissue damage, hypoxia, or the use of certain medications, leading to hyperkalemia.
What medication is used for hyperkalemia?
Hyperkalemia is primarily treated by promoting diuresis to enhance the elimination of potassium, while calcium gluconate can also be administered intravenously to counteract the inhibitory effects of potassium on the heart. Additionally, concentrated glucose with insulin can be used to shift excess potassium ions from the blood. Sodium bicarbonate can also be used to alkalinize the blood's pH to help reduce potassium levels. All these treatments must be conducted safely. In cases of severe hyperkalemia, dialysis may be necessary. If arrhythmias, bradycardia, or myocardial depression occur, the installation of a temporary pacemaker, along with hemodialysis, may be required. (Medication should be administered under the guidance of a physician.)
How to treat vomiting caused by hyperkalemia?
For patients with hyperkalemia, early symptoms include numbness in the limbs, weakness, muscle soreness, and paralysis. As the condition progresses, it can suppress myocardial function, reducing the tension of the myocardium and leading to slow heartbeats, and even cause arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Increased release of acetylcholine can also cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. Patients with this condition generally also exhibit symptoms of hyperlipidemia and metabolic acidosis. For mild cases of hyperkalemia, temporary treatment may not be necessary, and symptomatic treatment such as stopping vomiting and drinking water may be sufficient. However, in acute cases, it is recommended that the patient immediately undergo dialysis or receive diuretic injections to rapidly eliminate potassium ions from the body, and to stop consuming foods and medications that contain potassium.
Does hyperkalemia cause a fast or slow heart rate?
Hyperkalemia often causes a slowed heart rate and is associated with various arrhythmias. When serum potassium is between 6.6 to 8.0 mmol/L, tented T-waves may be observed. When serum potassium levels rise rapidly, it can lead to ventricular tachycardia or even ventricular fibrillation. On the other hand, a slow increase in serum potassium can cause conduction blocks, and in severe cases, may lead to cardiac arrest. These are the heart rate changes caused by hyperkalemia, which typically result in a slower heart rate.
Hyperkalemia can be seen in which diseases?
Hyperkalemia is a condition where the serum potassium concentration exceeds 5.5 millimoles per liter. Common causes include excessive intake of potassium, such as high-dose potassium penicillin intravenous infusion, ingestion of potassium-containing medications, or transfusion of large amounts of stored blood, all of which can lead to hyperkalemia. Additionally, patients with renal failure who experience oliguria or anuria may have reduced potassium excretion. In such cases, inappropriate potassium supplementation or the use of potassium-sparing diuretics can lead to severe hyperkalemia. Lastly, the movement of potassium from inside the cells—during metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis—causes ion exchange, leading to hydrogen ions entering the cells while potassium ions leak out, resulting in hyperkalemia.
How is hyperkalemia treated?
For hyperkalemia, commonly used clinical treatments include firstly diuretics, which increase the excretion of potassium, thus increasing its discharge from the body. Additionally, hypertonic glucose with insulin is used intravenously to facilitate the movement of potassium from outside to inside the cells. Sodium bicarbonate can also be used to correct acidosis, which can likewise reduce blood potassium levels. When hyperkalemia causes ventricular arrhythmias, calcium injections should be administered immediately to counteract the cardiac toxicity of high potassium. If these treatments do not result in significant effects and the condition is critical, emergency hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis can be performed to lower blood potassium levels. (Medication should be administered under the guidance of a doctor.)
Hyperkalemia is seen in which diseases?
When serum potassium levels exceed 5.5 millimoles per liter, it is referred to as hyperkalemia. Elevated serum potassium does not reflect an overall increase in body potassium, but due to limitations in testing methods, the clinical diagnosis of hyperkalemia still relies on combining serum potassium levels with electrocardiogram history. The causes of hyperkalemia are complex and commonly include: First, decreased renal potassium excretion, seen in acute kidney failure or insufficiency in adrenal cortical hormone synthesis and secretion, or long-term use of potassium-sparing diuretics; Second, shifts of potassium from inside the cells, often due to hemolysis, tissue damage, large-scale necrosis of tumors and inflammatory cells, shock, burns, excessive muscle contractions, acidosis, or injection of hypertonic saline or mannitol, which causes dehydration inside cells and leads to potassium leakage, resulting in hyperkalemia; Third, excessive intake of potassium-containing medications, such as high doses of potassium penicillin; Fourth, transfusion of stored blood can lead to hyperkalemia; Fifth, digitalis poisoning can cause hyperkalemia.
What should not be eaten with hyperkalemia?
Potassium is an important element in human blood. Typically, the electrolytes we measure in blood tests include sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Both low and high levels of potassium can have adverse effects on the body, especially hyperkalemia, which can cause sudden cardiac arrest and is considered dangerous in clinical settings. Patients with normal kidney function are less likely to develop hyperkalemia, which is more commonly seen in those who may have consumed Chinese herbal medicines containing high amounts of potassium for a long time. In patients with renal insufficiency, due to impaired kidney excretory function, hyperkalemia occurs more easily. Patients with hyperkalemia should generally avoid ACE inhibitors and ARB medications. For example, drugs like ACE inhibitors and spironolactone can further exacerbate hyperkalemia, so these types of medications are definitely not advisable. (The use of medications should be under the guidance of a professional doctor.)
What are the causes of hyperkalemia?
The first reason is the excessive intake or administration of potassium, which can lead to hyperkalemia. For example, consuming foods that are very rich in potassium, or intravenously infusing solutions containing potassium. Additionally, the use of potassium salts of penicillin can also cause hyperkalemia, as well as the transfusion of stored blood, which can easily lead to hyperkalemia. Besides excessive intake and administration of potassium, diseases related to reduced excretion can also cause hyperkalemia, such as the most common instances during acute or chronic renal failure, where patients are prone to hyperkalemia. Furthermore, patients with reduced adrenal cortex function, such as aldosterone deficiency or Addison's disease, are also prone to hyperkalemia. Additionally, the use of diuretics that inhibit potassium excretion, notably spironolactone—a potassium-sparing diuretic—can also cause an increase in blood potassium levels. Another reason is a change in potassium distribution, such as when potassium moves from inside the cells to the outside, which can easily lead to hyperkalemia. This is common in cases of tissue damage, such as muscle contusion, or electrical burns, and tissue hypoxia, which also can easily lead to a change in potassium distribution, causing an increase in extracellular potassium. If hemolysis occurs in a test tube, such as if the venipuncture takes too long, or in conditions like leukocytosis or severe shaking of the blood sample, these might also lead to hyperkalemia. (The use of medications should be under the guidance of a doctor.)
Why should calcium be supplemented for hyperkalemia?
When high potassium levels trigger ventricular automaticity, it is recommended to administer calcium to counteract its cardiotoxicity. This is because during hyperkalemia, the excitability of the myocardium significantly increases. Calcium ions do not affect the distribution of potassium inside and outside the cells, but they can stabilize the excitability of the heart. Therefore, even if a patient's blood calcium level is normal, calcium should be injected immediately when there is severe arrhythmia. Calcium ions only temporarily counteract the toxicity of potassium to the heart and do not reduce the concentration of potassium in the blood. Thus, they can only serve as a short-term emergency medication. (Medication should be used under the guidance of a doctor.)