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Esophageal cancer
How is esophageal cancer treated if it has not spread?
If esophageal cancer is clinically assessed as not having spread, surgical treatment is the first choice for patients. Since esophageal cancer surgery is a major operation, it is recommended that patients undergo surgery in a specialized hospital. Of course, for some older patients with poor cardiopulmonary function, if the pathology is squamous cell carcinoma, it is advisable to consider radiotherapy, because this tumor is relatively sensitive to radiation and often achieves better clinical outcomes. However, compared to surgical resection, the effects might be less favorable. For patients in generally good condition, surgery combined with radiation therapy can reduce the likelihood of postoperative recurrence and metastasis.
What are the early symptoms of esophageal cancer?
The esophagus is a tubular passage for food, extending from the patient's pharynx to the stomach, thus named the esophagus. Its function is to allow food to travel from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach. If a tumor develops in the esophagus, early symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, a choking sensation, and inability to swallow food, which sometimes may lead to vomiting. These are early symptoms of esophageal cancer. If the condition progresses to a late stage, it can lead to a situation where not even liquids can pass, making swallowing impossible, resulting in extreme weight loss. In severe cases, the cancer may metastasize, including to lymph nodes and other organs, and may also compress surrounding organs, causing symptoms like chest tightness.
How is esophageal cancer staged?
The staging of esophageal cancer includes a preoperative clinical staging and a postoperative pathological staging. Clinical staging involves completing various systemic examinations, determining the extent of the tumor, whether there are lymph node metastases, and whether there are distant metastases to organs such as the liver and lungs. This requires thorough assessments, including esophageal endoscopic ultrasound and whole-body examinations like PET-CT, to conduct clinical staging. Postoperative pathological staging, on the other hand, is determined based on the depth of tumor invasion reached during surgery and the status of lymph node metastasis, among other factors.
Distinction between esophagitis and esophageal cancer
Esophagitis and esophageal cancer are different diseases. Esophagitis refers to inflammatory changes in the esophagus, characterized by mucosal congestion, edema, and even erosion, commonly seen in middle-aged patients. Patients most often seek medical attention for abdominal discomfort or chest pain, and some may also experience nausea, belching, and so on. Esophageal cancer is more common in older patients, primarily presenting with progressively worsening dysphagia, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and so on. Some cancer symptoms may be similar to those of esophagitis. The main method for differential diagnosis includes a thorough gastroscopic examination to provide further clarification. Esophagitis mainly manifests as inflammatory changes in the esophageal mucosa; in the case of esophageal cancer, a gastroscopic examination can directly reveal esophageal tumors, thereby facilitating differentiation.
Late-stage symptoms of esophageal cancer
What are the symptoms of late-stage esophageal cancer? Because in the early stages of esophageal cancer, the symptoms are often not very obvious, which leads many people to overlook them. By the time they feel very uncomfortable and seek medical advice, the cancer is generally in the middle to late stages. One common symptom in the later stages is progressive difficulty swallowing, which is a main symptom presented by many patients at the time of consultation. However, this symptom generally occurs only when about two-thirds of the esophagus's circumference has been infiltrated by the tumor, making swallowing difficulties a late-stage symptom. Other symptoms of late-stage esophageal cancer include hoarseness if the tumor compresses the recurrent laryngeal nerve, belching if it invades the diaphragmatic nerves, and symptoms like breathing difficulties and coughing if it compresses the airway.
Esophageal cancer symptoms
In fact, the early symptoms of esophageal cancer are not very obvious. Some people only experience a slight discomfort when swallowing, and others might feel mild pain behind the sternum. However, in the advanced stages, the symptoms become more noticeable, such as progressive difficulty swallowing. Additionally, if the tumor compresses the laryngeal nerve, it can cause hoarseness. If it compresses the trachea, symptoms like shortness of breath and dry cough can occur. If the tumor erodes into the aorta, it can lead to severe bleeding.
Is esophageal cancer prone to bone metastasis?
Modes of spread and metastasis of esophageal cancer. In the early to mid-stages, the spread is mainly intramural, as the esophagus lacks a serosal layer, making it easy to directly invade adjacent organs. Lymphatic metastasis is also a major route of spread for esophageal cancer. In advanced stages, the cancer metastasizes through the bloodstream to the liver, lungs, kidneys, and even bones. In cases of bone metastasis, treatment options such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and anti-bone metastasis treatment can be chosen based on the patient's general condition. If the patient experiences significant pain, pain relief medication can be chosen according to the three-step ladder for cancer pain treatment to alleviate symptoms.
Esophageal cancer T3 belongs to which stage?
For the staging of esophageal cancer, it not only depends on the T stage, but also on the N and M stages. If we are just considering the T stage, it is T3. If there are no N0 and M0 stages, it is relatively early and surgery can be considered. However, if looking only at T3 and the N stage involves lymph node involvement (N1, N2, or N3), with regional or distant lymph node metastasis, then the staging of the esophageal cancer is relatively late. Furthermore, if there is an M stage, which indicates the presence of distant organ metastasis, then it is classified as advanced stage. Therefore, the T stage alone for esophageal cancer does not determine whether it is early, intermediate, or late stage. It is necessary to look in conjunction with the N and M stages to determine the overall staging.
Early symptoms of esophageal cancer
The early symptoms of esophageal cancer are not very typical. In the early stages, there may be discomfort, a sensation of blockage, or burning and pinching feelings during swallowing. There might also be pain behind the breastbone. Other atypical gastrointestinal symptoms can include acid reflux, heartburn, belching, hiccups, and vomiting. However, as esophageal cancer progresses, the most typical symptom becomes difficulty swallowing, obstruction, and the sensation that swallowed items cannot pass down, including severe cases where even drinking water feels obstructed and leads to vomiting.
The difference between esophagitis and esophageal cancer
The differences between esophagitis and esophageal cancer are significant. Esophagitis is an inflammation and is benign, but esophageal cancer is malignant, marking a stark contrast between the two. However, both esophagitis and esophageal cancer can have similar clinical symptoms, such as acid reflux, hiccups, heartburn, pain behind the breastbone, discomfort, and a burning sensation behind the breastbone, so symptoms can be similar. However, a more typical symptom of esophageal cancer is a sensation of swallowing obstruction, since there is actually something in the esophagus. Inflammation, after all, is just that, and it does not involve a mass forming inside the esophagus that could block it, hindering the ability to drink water, eat food, or swallow.