Early symptoms of esophageal cancer

Written by Peng Li Bo
Oncology
Updated on September 28, 2024
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The early symptoms of esophageal cancer are not very typical. In the early stages, there may be discomfort, a sensation of blockage, or burning and pinching feelings during swallowing. There might also be pain behind the breastbone. Other atypical gastrointestinal symptoms can include acid reflux, heartburn, belching, hiccups, and vomiting. However, as esophageal cancer progresses, the most typical symptom becomes difficulty swallowing, obstruction, and the sensation that swallowed items cannot pass down, including severe cases where even drinking water feels obstructed and leads to vomiting.

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How to check for esophageal cancer?

One clinical symptom of esophageal cancer is primarily dysphagia, especially progressive aggravation of dysphagia and difficulty swallowing. When these symptoms occur, the possibility of esophageal cancer should be considered, and one should seek medical attention at a hospital. An esophagoscope examination, which is an endoscopy, should be performed. Usually, under endoscopy, morphological changes in the esophagus can be observed, and if a biopsy is taken and cancer cells are found, esophageal cancer can be diagnosed. Therefore, the primary diagnostic approach for esophageal cancer involves an endoscopic examination and biopsy of the esophageal mass, which is the gold standard for diagnosis. After diagnosis, it is also necessary to perform comprehensive examinations such as chest and full abdominal CT scans, superficial lymph node ultrasound of the whole body, barium meal tests for the esophagus, and other examinations like ultrasound and esophagoscopy to assess the stage of the cancer and decide upon further treatment plans.

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The difference between esophagitis and esophageal cancer.

Esophagitis and esophageal cancer can be differentiated in the following aspects. First, in terms of symptoms, esophagitis generally presents with symptoms such as acid reflux, heartburn, pain behind the sternum, belching, and upper abdominal pain. The main symptoms of esophageal cancer, on the other hand, are generally difficulty swallowing or pain when swallowing, and this symptom progressively worsens. Second, regarding age, esophagitis can occur in any age group, while esophageal cancer is more common in elderly male patients. Third, the best method of differentiation is through gastroscopy. Under gastroscopy, esophagitis can be diagnosed with findings such as mucosal erosion, congestion, and edema of the esophagus. Esophageal cancer, however, generally appears in the middle or upper or lower segments of the esophagus, and a diagnosis can be confirmed by performing a biopsy.

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Can esophageal cancer be cured?

Whether esophageal cancer can be cured depends on the stage of the disease's progression, it matters whether the diagnosis is at an advanced or early stage of esophageal cancer. If it is in the early stage, it can be identified through regular physical examination and screening. If diagnosed at an early stage, it is advisable to opt for surgical treatment followed by chemotherapy after surgery for the best therapeutic effect. If the condition is in a later stage, appropriate treatment should still be administered to prolong life.

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How to treat esophageal cancer metastasis?

The metastasis of esophageal cancer involves several aspects. The first aspect is the metastasis of lymph nodes, including those around the esophagus. If the number of metastatic lymph nodes is small and the tumor's location is suitable for surgical removal, then surgery can still be considered. The second issue involves cases where there is lymph node metastasis but with a higher number and wider spread, making surgical treatment unfeasible. In such cases, radical radiotherapy and chemotherapy can be considered to treat the esophageal cancer. Of course, there are also some new methods available now, such as immunotherapy, which can be considered along with others. Also, to improve symptoms of esophageal stricture, using an esophageal stent to control the difficulty of swallowing associated with esophageal cancer is also possible.

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Is esophageal cancer prone to bone metastasis?

Modes of spread and metastasis of esophageal cancer. In the early to mid-stages, the spread is mainly intramural, as the esophagus lacks a serosal layer, making it easy to directly invade adjacent organs. Lymphatic metastasis is also a major route of spread for esophageal cancer. In advanced stages, the cancer metastasizes through the bloodstream to the liver, lungs, kidneys, and even bones. In cases of bone metastasis, treatment options such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and anti-bone metastasis treatment can be chosen based on the patient's general condition. If the patient experiences significant pain, pain relief medication can be chosen according to the three-step ladder for cancer pain treatment to alleviate symptoms.