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Zhou Qi
Nephrology
About me
An associate chief physician in the Nephrology Department of the People's Hospital of Ma'anshan City, with a Master's degree from a key medical university. Participated or led multiple projects funded by the Natural Science Foundation, and published nearly ten papers in Chinese and core journals.
Proficient in diseases
Glomerular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, blood purification.
Voices
What causes acute pyelonephritis?
Acute pyelonephritis, also known as an upper urinary tract infection, occurs when certain pathogens enter the urinary system and cause inflammation in areas such as the renal pelvis and calyces. Patients typically exhibit symptoms such as fever, back pain, and may also experience visible blood in the urine. The condition often has a severe onset. The common pathogens causing this type of infection primarily include bacteria, fungi, and viruses, among which the vast majority of cases are caused by bacterial infections. Furthermore, Gram-negative bacilli constitute the majority of these bacteria, with Escherichia coli being the most common.
Syndrome of kidney disease with manifestations of calcium deficiency
In the state of nephrotic syndrome, if there is a calcium deficiency, it may cause the patient's limbs to twitch, especially sudden twitches and pain in both lower limbs during sleep at night, waking the patient from sleep. If calcium deficiency persists for a long time, it may lead to osteoporosis in the patient, such as osteoporosis of the femoral head, which presents with hip pain, and necrosis of the femoral head, potentially affecting the patient's ability to walk. In children, calcium deficiency may cause night-time convulsions, and external manifestations such as hunchback, pigeon chest, and square skull might appear.
Chronic Renal Failure Treatment Plan
The treatment of chronic renal failure primarily requires a clear understanding of the cause, and treatment targeting the cause is essential to slow the progression of chronic renal failure. The most common causes of chronic renal failure are diabetes, hypertension, and chronic nephritis. Therefore, for patients with chronic renal failure caused by diabetes, insulin is often needed to control blood sugar. For patients with hypertensive kidney disease, antihypertensive drugs are certainly necessary to control blood pressure. However, in the early stages of renal failure, ACE inhibitors or ARBs are the preferred choices. For patients with chronic nephritis in the early stages, corticosteroid medications are required for treatment. However, if the serum creatinine has already exceeded 256 micromoles per liter, treatment then focuses mainly on managing complications, and corticosteroids are no longer used. (Please use medications under the guidance of a doctor.)
Causes of Anemia in Acute Nephritis
Patients with acute nephritis often do not experience anemia. If a patient with acute nephritis develops anemia, further examination is necessary to determine whether rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is present. The mechanisms of anemia include hemorrhagic anemia, anemia due to the destruction and dissolution of red blood cells, and anemia due to decreased bone marrow hematopoietic capacity. Hemorrhagic anemia is commonly seen in cases of excessive menstrual flow or chronic blood in stools, which can occur in conditions such as liver cirrhosis, gastric ulcer, enteritis, and intestinal cancer. Anemia resulting from the breakdown of red blood cells often occurs in cases of splenomegaly or when the body produces antibodies against red blood cells, leading to autoimmune hemolysis. A decrease in bone marrow hematopoietic capacity is typically seen in related diseases such as leukemia, myeloma, or renal anemia, or when the patient's dietary intake of nutrients is insufficient, leading to reduced bone marrow hematopoietic capacity. Overall, for acute nephritis, if anemia occurs, it is important to identify the cause, which may not be closely related to acute nephritis itself.
Can patients with chronic renal failure have sexual intercourse?
Patients with chronic renal failure can have sexual intercourse, but there are prerequisites. Since sexual activity is physically demanding and requires adequate cardiopulmonary function, patients can engage in sexual activity if they do not experience chest tightness or shortness of breath and their blood pressure is well controlled. If there are no obvious symptoms of fatigue, difficulty breathing, or chest tightness during sexual activity, there should be no significant problems. However, since the patients have chronic renal failure, it is advisable to avoid conception unless prepared for pregnancy. Pregnancy can further burden the kidneys in female patients and potentially exacerbate chronic renal failure. Male patients with chronic renal failure may be taking medications that could affect sperm quality. Therefore, contraception should be practiced unless preparations have been made.
Causes of vomiting in nephrotic syndrome
Patients with nephrotic syndrome may experience vomiting for several possible reasons. First, nephrotic syndrome causes severe edema in patients, including edema of the gastrointestinal tract. This state of edema may lead to reduced gastrointestinal motility and symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Furthermore, patients with nephrotic syndrome have low plasma protein levels and poor immune function, making them prone to infections. If there is an infection in the gastrointestinal tract, patients may exhibit clinical symptoms of vomiting as well as potentially experiencing diarrhea, abdominal pain, and so on. Additionally, some patients experience vomiting due to the side effects of medications used during the treatment of nephrotic syndrome.
How to maintain health with IgA nephropathy normally?
This is a pathological type of chronic glomerulonephritis, which is a diagnostic term in immunopathology and essentially represents chronic glomerulonephritis. The severity of this disease can vary, as can its clinical manifestations. Patients should avoid catching colds in their daily life by staying warm and not seeking cool environments. It is important to maintain a distance from people who are already sick to avoid close contact. In terms of diet, patients should eat low-salt, low-fat, and high-quality low-protein foods, and control their salt intake, but not completely avoid salt. Also, they should avoid eating too much greasy and fatty food.
Can people with hydronephrosis drink water?
Whether patients with hydronephrosis can drink water depends on whether the hydronephrosis has been resolved. Hydronephrosis occurs due to a blockage in the urinary system, often caused by inflammation, scarring, or adhesions of the ureters, or by obstructions such as stones or tumors in the urinary tract, or possibly by an enlarged prostate, leading to the inability of the bladder to properly expel urine. In summary, when the urine produced by the kidneys cannot be properly expelled from the body, it leads to the expansion of the renal pelvis and calyces, known as hydronephrosis. Drinking water at this time can certainly aggravate the condition of hydronephrosis if the body is already struggling to expel fluids. Therefore, if this blockage remains unresolved, patients should limit their intake of fluids. However, if the obstruction is cleared and the urinary tract is smooth, allowing urine to be expelled normally, drinking water is permissible.
The precursors of uremia
The so-called uremia refers to the end result of chronic kidney disease causing long-term damage to the kidneys in patients. Patients with uremia often have long-standing conditions, as it takes time to progress from mild kidney failure to uremia. Before the onset of uremia, patients may experience symptoms related to kidney failure, such as swelling of the limbs and face, reduced urine output, proteinuria which leads to foamy urine, and visible blood in the urine due to hematuria. Patients are also prone to developing high blood pressure. These symptoms can be precursors to uremia, although other diseases can also cause similar symptoms.
Can chronic kidney failure CKD5 be cured?
The so-called CKD refers to chronic kidney disease. According to the glomerular filtration rate, CKD is divided into 5 stages, where stage 5 means that the patient's glomerular filtration rate has fallen below 15 milliliters per minute, which is equivalent to uremia. Chronic renal failure is irreversible and cannot be recovered, so it is impossible for patients whose condition has progressed to later stages to recover. Therefore, for such conditions, the only option is to choose renal replacement therapy so that the patient can survive. Renal replacement therapy mainly includes hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation.