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Zhang Jun Jun
Endocrinology
About me
Zhang Junjun, female, member of the Communist Party of China, master's degree student, chief physician, currently working at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, member of the Chinese Women Doctors Association Youth Committee, director of the Hunan Health Services Association Metabolism and Endocrine Health Branch, engaged in endocrine work for 5 years, authored several papers and popular science articles on endocrine diseases.
Proficient in diseases
Have extensive experience in endocrine diseases such as diabetes, thyroid, adrenal gland, gonad, osteoporosis, etc.
Voices
What should I do if diabetic nephropathy causes facial swelling?
Diabetic nephropathy with facial swelling is generally due to too much protein in the urine and too little protein in the blood, causing hypoalbuminemia, which leads to edema. There are several methods to control diabetic nephropathy: First, blood sugar and blood pressure must be strictly controlled within a normal range. Blood pressure control should be even stricter for those with diabetic nephropathy, generally kept below 130/80. Second, in terms of diet, it is crucial to avoid or limit intake of bean-based foods and consume high-quality proteins instead. High-quality proteins include commonly known meats, eggs, and fish. Third, it is essential to limit or avoid the use of medications that can damage the kidneys. Fourth, if diabetic nephropathy causes general body edema, intermittent use of diuretic medications can help alleviate the swelling, along with nephroprotective medications. The final method for severe kidney disease involves early intervention with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. (Please use medications under the guidance of a doctor)
Obesity is a disease.
Obesity is related to an excessive accumulation of fat in the body, or abnormal distribution of fat, leading to weight gain. The causes include environmental factors, genetic factors, and other elements interacting to trigger this metabolic disease. Nowadays, dietary patterns have resulted in an increasing population of overweight and obese individuals. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the causes of obesity. If it is a case of simple obesity, it can be managed through diet and exercise. If it is pathological obesity, such as Cushing's syndrome, this type of obesity primarily causes abdominal obesity, thin limbs, abdominal purple streaks, and may also include increased facial acne. In such cases, medical or even surgical interventions might be necessary.
early symptoms of obesity
The early symptoms of obesity mainly include fatigue, poor appetite, somnolence, and a general lack of energy. The treatment for these symptoms fundamentally involves controlling obesity and reducing body weight. Weight control methods primarily include, firstly, dietary control by choosing low-calorie diets, such as a ketogenic low-carbohydrate diet to help reduce weight. The second method involves exercise; if one does not have conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia, they can gradually engage in both aerobic and anaerobic exercises within their capacity. The third option, if diet and exercise prove insufficient, is to consider medication. There are now a series of weight loss drugs approved by national safety and the Food and Drug Administration that can be used. Additionally, in cases of severe obesity, metabolic surgery can be considered to alleviate the symptoms of obesity. (Please use medication under the guidance of a professional physician and do not self-medicate.)
The difference between thyroid nodules and nodular goiter
Thyroid nodules are the clinical manifestations of nodular goiter, and nodular goiter is the cause of thyroid nodules. Nodular goiter generally occurs in iodine-deficient areas, forming these partial or multiple thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules are the clinical manifestations of nodular goiter; the nodules in the thyroid can be single or multiple and can cause abnormal thyroid function, although thyroid function can also be normal in the early stages. Therefore, when performing an ultrasound, if thyroid nodules are discovered, it is necessary to further assess thyroid function and dynamically track changes in the size of the thyroid nodules to determine whether it is nodular goiter.
Do thyroid cysts require surgery?
Thyroid cysts are generally benign lesions and are typically classified as below 3B level in thyroid ultrasound grading, which means they are categorized as class 1, 2, or even 3. The decision to perform surgery depends primarily on the size of the thyroid cyst. If the cyst is large enough to cause compressive symptoms, then surgical treatment is necessary at that time. Secondly, if the development of the thyroid cyst is rapid, and fine needle aspiration of the thyroid reveals malignant changes, then surgery is also required. For routine thyroid examinations, if the thyroid cyst is relatively small, classified at a lower level, and there are no associated thyroid functional abnormalities, regular follow-up is generally sufficient without the need for surgical intervention.
Does gestational diabetes require hospitalization?
Patients with gestational diabetes who initially have adequate blood sugar control do not need to be hospitalized; however, those with poor blood sugar control require further hospitalization for observation and treatment. In addition to diet and exercise, medication control such as insulin therapy is currently recommended for managing blood sugar in gestational diabetes. Insulin therapy must be used under strict medical supervision to avoid hypoglycemia. Since both high and low blood sugar levels can have a dual impact on pregnant women and fetuses, the need for hospitalization for patients with gestational diabetes mainly depends on their blood sugar levels.
Causes of thyroiditis
The causes of thyroiditis are mainly divided into several types: The first type is acute thyroiditis, which is mostly caused by bacterial infection. Some abscesses in the thyroid lead to fever and inflammation of the thyroid. Generally, anti-infection treatment can achieve a curative effect. The second type, subacute thyroiditis, is mostly caused by viral infections. It is a self-limiting disease that can be cured by using some analgesics, and even some hormonal medications. Chronic thyroiditis generally arises from autoimmune diseases. Often in the late stages, it causes reduced thyroid function. Since currently there are no drugs to intervene in autoimmune diseases, the main treatment is medication maintenance and control of thyroid function within the normal range. Therefore, the causes of thyroiditis need to be divided into acute, subacute, and chronic thyroiditis to distinguish its causes. (The use of medication should be done under the guidance of a professional doctor.)
What should people with obesity not eat?
Patients with obesity generally also have elevated blood lipids, elevated blood uric acid, and slightly high blood sugar. Therefore, regarding diet, it is crucial to strictly adhere to a standard of low salt, low fat, and low purine. Avoid eating fried foods and animal offal, and do not consume carbohydrate-rich foods and sugary drinks. Additionally, for patients with high uric acid levels, it is advised not to consume excessive seafood and rich broths. It is recommended to avoid eating late-night meals, fried foods, and grilled items. The foods that should be avoided by patients with obesity are mainly determined based on the levels of blood sugar, blood lipids, blood pressure, and blood uric acid.
"Malignant thyroid nodules" means what?
Thyroid nodules are assessed under ultrasound with a grading system, and if rated at level three or higher, they tend to be more likely to be malignant. The most common malignancy in thyroid nodules is thyroid cancer. Among all types of tumors, thyroid cancer tends to grow slowly and is relatively less malignant. Therefore, if an ultrasound suggests a high likelihood of malignancy in a thyroid nodule, further examinations should be conducted. This can include a fine needle aspiration biopsy, thyroid contrast-enhanced ultrasound, or even direct surgical removal of the malignant nodule for further pathological examination to determine whether it is benign or malignant. Since the degree of malignancy of thyroid nodules is relatively low compared to other malignant tumors, a high grading score on a thyroid nodule should not be overly worrying. It is advisable to proceed with formal medical checks and regular follow-ups, as the five-year survival rate is quite high, exceeding 80%.
Can people with obesity do yoga?
Overall, individuals with obesity can still practice yoga, as obesity is a condition of nutritional excess and yoga is an aerobic exercise that can increase metabolic rate in the body, achieving a weight loss effect. However, there are many causes of obesity. Primarily, there is simple obesity, for which yoga can be helpful and can reduce body weight. If obesity is secondary, particularly induced by excessive use of steroids and conditions like Cushing's syndrome, yoga can be an appropriate form of exercise, but it is crucial to address the root cause. If the obesity is due to nodules on the adrenal gland, further surgical treatment might be necessary. Therefore, whether individuals with obesity can practice yoga also depends on their physical strength and other personal health conditions, including heart, liver, and kidney functions.