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Liu Huan Huan
General Surgery
About me
2001-2006 Anhui Medical University, Bachelor's Degree.
2006-2009 Capital Medical University, Master's Degree.
Proficient in diseases
Engaged in general surgery clinical work for 10 years, with a relatively rich experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases within the scope of general surgery, such as acute appendicitis, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas diseases, including gallstones and cholecystitis, pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction, breast diseases, gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal tumors, etc. Particularly experienced in minimally invasive surgery, with abundant experience in various surgeries under laparoscopy, such as laparoscopic appendectomy, cholecystectomy, laparoscopic exploration, etc. Additionally, familiar with various types of trauma.
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Can I get a tetanus shot in the evening?
If a patient has a relatively deep wound, such as reaching the subcutaneous fat layer or even more severely, the muscle layer, it is important to prevent tetanus infection. It is advised that the patient must come to the hospital for a tetanus antitoxin injection into the muscle. After an injury, the sooner the tetanus antitoxin is injected, the better, as delays can affect the effectiveness of the antitoxin. Therefore, tetanus antitoxin can also be administered at night. Generally, one should go to the emergency surgery department of the hospital for the injection, as the emergency surgery department is on duty 24 hours a day, so it is possible to receive the tetanus shot at night.
Is tetanus administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously?
Tetanus is widely used clinically and is known as tetanus antitoxin, intended solely to prevent the clinical symptoms caused by infection with Clostridium tetani. Therefore, a skin test must be conducted before administering tetanus injections. The common skin test involves creating a skin wheal intradermally; if the skin test is negative, one can proceed with the tetanus antitoxin injection. The injection can be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. For example, the common sites include the deltoid attachment area on the upper arm for subcutaneous injections, and the deltoid or the lateral part of the buttock for intramuscular injections, among others. These are the injection sites for tetanus.
What should I do if my lipoma hurts?
Lipomas are relatively common in clinical settings and are benign tumors on the body surface, often found on the limbs and trunk. Generally, they don't cause obvious clinical symptoms except for the appearance of a lump under the skin. The lump is usually flat, and the skin surface remains intact, though this is not absolute. Some patients may experience pain in the lipoma, particularly when lipomas appear symmetrically on the limbs, causing localized pain. In such cases, surgical treatment is recommended, which can be performed under local anesthesia to remove the lipoma and alleviate the pain.
How to rescue from tetanus allergy
In clinical settings, when administering tetanus injections, it is very easy for allergic reactions to occur, even severe complications like anaphylactic shock. In such cases, the following emergency measures can be taken: First, establish an intravenous access immediately, then start the patient on infusion therapy; Second, if the patient experiences a drop in blood pressure, vasopressor agents can be used for pressor therapy; Third, it's essential to provide the patient with cardiac monitoring, oxygenation, and other supportive treatments. In addition, it's crucial to use anti-allergy medications. There are many anti-allergic drugs available clinically, and the specific medication to be used should be decided based on the patient's specific condition. (Please administer medications under the guidance of a professional physician, and do not self-medicate.)
Cut your finger, need a tetanus shot
The key is to assess the severity of the finger cut. If it's just a superficial skin scratch, then the wound is shallow, and it only requires disinfection with agents like iodophor or alcohol; there's no need for a tetanus shot. Conversely, if the cut on the finger is deep, such as reaching the subcutaneous fat or, in severe cases, the muscle layer, such deep wounds can easily lead to the growth and reproduction of tetanus bacillus, producing toxins and causing clinical symptoms in patients. Therefore, in such cases, it is recommended that patients go to the hospital to receive a tetanus antitoxin injection.
Can superficial wounds get tetanus?
Tetanus infection commonly occurs in deeper wounds, for instance, wounds that reach the subcutaneous fat layer, and in severe cases, even the muscle layer. Such deep wounds can create an anaerobic environment, and Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic bacterium, thrives in this oxygen-free environment. It can secrete various bacterial toxins, thereby causing tetanus in patients. Therefore, tetanus generally occurs in deep wounds. For superficial wounds, the chance of contracting tetanus is almost zero if the wound is properly disinfected locally.
Lipoma CT presentation
Lipomas are relatively common clinically and are one of the more frequent types of superficial tumors, commonly occurring on the limbs and trunk. Generally, a physical examination and ultrasound are sufficient for an accurate diagnosis of a lipoma, and there is no need for the patient to undergo a CT scan. However, if a CT scan is performed, lipomas can present in the following ways: first, a regular or lobulated mass may be found under the skin with sparse blood flow and a regular shape; second, on a CT scan, lipomas appear as low-density lesions, with CT values typically ranging between -70 HU to -90 HU. Diagnosis of a lipoma can be confirmed through these two observations.
Do lipomas grow?
Lipoma is a type of tumor on the surface of the body, which is relatively common in clinical practice and often occurs in the limbs and trunk. After the development of a lipoma, a mass generally appears under the skin; the mass is tough and lobulated or flat, and the surface skin remains intact, which can be used to diagnose a lipoma. Once a lipoma develops, it may grow larger, but the growth rate is generally slow, and there are usually no obvious clinical symptoms. If a patient notices that the lipoma is enlarging, surgical removal can be considered.
Is tetanus an anaerobic bacterium?
Tetanus is a specific infection often associated with trauma. In addition to various traumas, it can also occur in parturient women and newborns under unsanitary conditions. The pathogen is Clostridium tetani, an obligate anaerobe that stains positive under Gram staining conditions. Normally present in the intestines of humans and animals, it is distributed in nature and common in soil. This type of bacteria has strong resistance to environmental conditions and can withstand boiling.
How is tetanus diagnosed?
The diagnosis of tetanus requires comprehensive consideration. If the patient has a history of trauma with skin or mucosal wounds, and shows signs of muscle spasms, such as difficulty opening the mouth, stiffening of the neck, and increased reflexes, the possibility of a tetanus infection should be considered. Further, a culture of the wound can be conducted to see if Clostridium tetani can be cultured. If the culture is positive, a definitive diagnosis can be made. Additionally, tetanus needs to be differentiated from other diseases such as purulent meningitis, rabies, epilepsy, hysteria, and so on.