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Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
About me
Graduated from Nanhua University, engaged in pediatric work for over 10 years, and have further studied at Hunan Children's Hospital, Xiangya Hospital, and Beijing Children's Hospital.
Proficient in diseases
Diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in pediatric internal medicine, especially skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric respiratory system and neurological diseases, such as pediatric convulsions, epilepsy, asthma, and lung infections...
Voices
The main cause of hypoxic attacks in Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex congenital heart disease, characterized by ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, aorta overriding, and right ventricular hypertrophy. When the obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is severe, pulmonary artery blood flow significantly decreases. A large amount of unoxygenated venous blood passes through the ventricular septal defect causing a right-to-left shunt, which clinically manifests as severe cyanosis and increased red blood cells, and different degrees of hypoxia in the systemic circulation. Factors that can induce hypoxic episodes in these infants include feeding, crying, emotional agitation, anemia, infection, etc. These can suddenly lead to fainting, convulsions, or even death. The main reason is generally due to a sudden muscle spasm at the narrow pulmonary artery infundibulum on top of pre-existing stenosis, causing temporary pulmonary artery obstruction and exacerbating cerebral hypoxia, thus leading to severe hypoxic attacks.
Is Kawasaki disease characterized by eye discharge?
Kawasaki disease is an autoimmune vasculitis that can affect blood vessels throughout the body and various organs, but the most severe impact is typically on the coronary arteries, which can lead to dilation of the coronary arteries or the possibility of forming coronary artery aneurysms. The disease can cause conjunctival congestion, but this is a manifestation of aseptic conjunctivitis, meaning it does not cause, nor does it result in, purulent secretions, in other words, it does not cause eye discharge. Therefore, if a patient with Kawasaki disease has purulent eye discharge, it is possible that they have a concurrent bacterial conjunctivitis. Thus, generally, eyes affected by Kawasaki disease do not have eye discharge but may appear dry and red.
Early symptoms of intussusception in children
Intussusception in children refers to a segment of the intestine telescoping into the adjoining lumen, causing an obstruction to the passage of intestinal contents. Intussusception accounts for 15%-20% of intestinal obstructions and can be primary or secondary. Generally, primary intussusception is more common in infants and young children. Early symptoms may include bloating, abdominal pain, vomiting, possibly accompanied by bloody stools, and a palpable mass in the abdomen. Moreover, intussusception can occur in multiple locations, such as jejunum into jejunum, jejunum into ileum, ileum into ileum, ileum into cecum, ileum into colon, colon into colon, etc. Among these, ileo-cecal intussusception is the most common, while small intestine into small intestine and colon into colon are relatively rare.
Symptoms of roseola infantum
Roseola infantum, also known as baby measles, is caused by human herpesvirus infection, characterized by acute fever accompanied by a rash. Generally, there is no obvious trigger, and it begins with a sudden high fever, where the temperature can reach up to 39°C or even higher than 40°C. The high fever usually lasts for 3-5 days, during which some may experience fever-induced convulsions. Once the fever subsides, the rash begins to appear. Generally, the rash lasts for 1-2 days. After the rash subsides, and in the absence of complications, the condition resolves.
What is roseola infantum?
Roseola infantum is a disease characterized by a fever, followed by a rash after the fever subsides. This disease is caused by an infection with human herpesvirus type 6 or type 7. Typically, it starts with a fever lasting three to five days, which can be moderately high. Generally, a rash appears after the fever subsides, primarily on the torso but it can also spread to the limbs. The rash usually fades within about two days and leaves no scars once it has disappeared.
Does phenylketonuria affect intelligence?
Phenylketonuria is a common amino acid metabolic disease, primarily caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the metabolic pathway of phenylalanine, preventing phenylalanine from converting into tyrosine. This leads to the accumulation of phenylalanine and its ketones in the body, which are then excreted in large amounts through urine. Its clinical manifestations are not uniform. The main clinical characteristic is intellectual disability, thus it does affect intelligence. Additionally, it can present various neuropsychiatric symptoms such as increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, agitation, hyperactivity, convulsions, etc. It can also lead to reduced skin pigmentation and yellowing of hair among other symptoms. This disease can impact intelligence.
Do children with colds need to take cephalosporins?
Pediatric colds can be divided into viral colds and bacterial infections that cause upper respiratory tract symptoms. Generally speaking, 90% of cases are commonly viral colds. Viral colds are mainly treated symptomatically. Appropriate antiviral medications can be used, and antipyretics can be given during fevers. Also, drinking plenty of warm water and using some Chinese patent medicines for clearing heat and detoxifying can be sufficient. However, if the viral infection lasts a long time, it can easily lead to a secondary bacterial infection. In such cases, antibiotics can be used. Initially, oral penicillin antibiotics should be chosen, and cephalosporin antibiotics can also be selected for anti-infection treatment. If considering bacterial infection causing upper respiratory tract infection, such as acute tonsillitis caused by streptococcus infection, oral penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics for anti-infection treatment can be used. Therefore, it is essential to choose medications based on the specific situation. (Medication should be used under the guidance of a doctor.)
How is phenylketonuria tested?
Phenylketonuria is a treatable inherited metabolic disease, and early diagnosis is essential for early treatment. Currently, we have generally implemented a newborn disease screening system that requires collecting peripheral blood by pricking the heel of newborns after three days of breastfeeding, dropping the blood onto specialized filter paper and sending it to a screening laboratory for phenylalanine concentration measurement. If the concentration exceeds the confirmed value, further differential diagnosis and confirmation are needed. If treatment can begin early, especially within two to three weeks after birth, the prognosis is generally good. Normally, the concentration is less than 120 µmol/L; a fetal concentration of 1200 µmol/L would be considered mild phenylketonuria.
Can a baby take a bath when they have a cold?
When babies have a cold, it is generally not recommended to give them a bath soak, but showering is acceptable. This is because soaking for an extended period may worsen the symptoms of the cold. However, if the baby has a fever, showering with warm water can help reduce their temperature, which is an effective physical cooling measure. But if soaking in a bath, the extended time in the water and the slight dilation of pores may allow cold to penetrate further into the body, potentially worsening the cold symptoms. Therefore, under these circumstances, it is temporarily advised against giving babies a bath soak. However, a medicinal herbal bath is a different matter.
What are the common causes of diarrhea in children?
Some common causes of childhood diarrhea include infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. Causes of infectious diarrhea include bacteria, viruses, amoebic dysentery, etc. Common viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus, etc. Common bacterial infections include Escherichia coli, Shigella, and other bacteria. Additionally, intestinal amoebic pathogens can also cause diarrhea. Some causes of non-infectious diarrhea include lactose intolerance and food allergies, among others.