Meningitis examination methods

Written by Zhang Hui
Neurology
Updated on September 14, 2024
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The examination methods for meningitis mainly include several types. The first is the lumbar puncture examination, which is a very important diagnostic tool. Through lumbar puncture, one can observe the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, its color, and perform laboratory tests on the CSF to examine biochemical properties and cell count changes. Additionally, it is possible to culture pathogens from the cerebrospinal fluid, which is of great auxiliary value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of meningitis. Secondly, patients with meningitis also need to undergo physical examinations. If signs of meningeal irritation are found during the physical examination, it also indicates meningitis. Thirdly, patients may need to undergo enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain. If the meningitis lesions are severe, meningeal enhancement can be seen.

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Is vomiting frequent in meningitis?

Is vomiting frequent in meningitis? There are generally two situations for frequent vomiting in meningitis. The first situation occurs when pathogens infect the meninges or brain tissue, leading to an inflammatory response in the brain tissue, which then causes brain edema and subsequently leads to increased intracranial pressure. When intracranial pressure increases, it can cause vomiting, and this type of vomiting becomes projectile. Therefore, when vomiting is frequent and projectile, accompanied by severe headaches, fever, or even changes in condition, it is necessary to be vigilant about the increase in intracranial pressure leading to the formation of brain herniation, a situation that must be urgently addressed. The second reason is that after the pathogen enters the blood, it invades the gastrointestinal tract. An infection of the gastrointestinal tract itself can also cause frequent vomiting, accompanied by diarrhea, or even gastrointestinal bleeding, etc.

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Causes of Meningitis

The main causes of meningitis are bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, or other pathogens, which invade the pia mater, spinal cord, and theca mater, causing infection. Clinically, bacterial meningitis is more severe. If it is not treated promptly or if the treatment is ineffective or misdiagnosed, it may lead to death within a few hours or even cause permanent brain damage, resulting in sequelae. Meningitis can affect the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. It may also lead to secondary intracranial infections. It is important to choose antibacterial drugs and medications that nourish brain cells and alleviate cerebral edema for symptomatic treatment promptly.

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Written by Han Shun Li
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Is meningitis severe?

Meningitis is an infectious inflammation that occurs in the meninges and the brain and spinal meninges, and some may also involve the brain parenchyma. Meningitis is generally a serious disease, and if not treated promptly, it can develop into cerebral edema and severe cases may lead to brain herniation, respiratory and circulatory failure, endangering life. Some patients may even experience a decline in intelligence, paralysis, and other sequelae after recovery, severely affecting the quality of life. Therefore, it is important to actively treat meningitis once contracted.

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How is meningitis treated?

The treatment of meningitis is comprehensive. Firstly, medication should be based on the cause of the disease. For example, if it is caused by bacteria, sensitive antibiotics should be chosen for treatment; if caused by tuberculosis bacilli, standard anti-tuberculosis treatment should be applied; if caused by fungi, appropriate antifungal drugs should be used, and so forth. Additionally, symptomatic treatment is necessary, such as timely decompression treatment for increased intracranial pressure; fever reduction, especially for patients with high fever; and controlling seizures in patients with anticonvulsants. Moreover, it is important to maintain nutritional and electrolyte balance and ensure that the respiratory tract remains clear, among other things. If there are complications, they should be actively treated. (Specific medications should be administered under the guidance of a physician.)

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How to test for meningitis?

Meningitis is a very common disease in neurology, and the most common causes are infections, including viral infections, common bacterial infections, tuberculosis infections, and fungal infections. The main methods of examination for meningitis are as follows: First, physical examination. A physical examination can reveal neck stiffness in the patient, and positive meningeal irritation signs. These examinations are non-invasive and very safe. Second, a lumbar puncture can also be performed. A lumbar puncture can be used to observe whether the fluid pressure is high, and also to collect cerebrospinal fluid to examine its color, perform cytological and biochemical analyses, and culture the cerebrospinal fluid. This is very important to definitively determine the presence of meningitis and to identify the type of infectious agent involved. Additionally, enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can also be performed to see if there is significant enhancement of the meninges.