Urethral calculi refer to stones located within the urethra. The main clinical symptoms include frequent urination, urgency, and painful urination. Severe cases may present with hematuria and urinary retention. Generally, urethral stones do not cause back pain. If back pain occurs, it may be necessary to consider additional factors such as stones in the ureter or kidney, lumbar muscle strain, or herniated lumbar discs. Further examinations such as renal and ureteral color Doppler ultrasound, CT scans, and if necessary, lumbar disc CT scans should be conducted to determine if the back pain is caused by conditions outside of the urinary system. If the pain is due to stones, timely lithotripsy and stone expulsion treatments are required. If the cause is herniated lumbar discs, timely orthopedic treatment is necessary.