Why is calcium used for hyperkalemia?

Written by Wang Li Bing

Intensive Care Medicine Department

Updated on September 20, 2024

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Hyperkalemia can increase the excitability of myocardial cells, leading to various malignant arrhythmias and even sudden death. Immediate treatment is necessary after hyperkalemia occurs. Clinically, it can be treated by hemodialysis or conservatively with medication. Why use calcium preparations for hyperkalemia? Because after using calcium preparations, the excitability of myocardial cells can be stabilized, effectively maintaining stable heart rates in patients and preventing sudden death due to malignant arrhythmias.

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Mild hyperkalemia clinical manifestations

When blood potassium exceeds 5.5 millimoles per liter, it is referred to as hyperkalemia. Clinically, mild manifestations of hyperkalemia commonly involve the cardiovascular system, including bradycardia, audible enlargement of the heart, and weakened heart sounds. The electrocardiogram may show a shortened QT interval and peaked T waves. Symptoms related to the neuromuscular system include numbness in the lips and limbs, muscle soreness, and, in severe cases, paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to suffocation. All cases of hyperkalemia present various degrees of metabolic acidosis or azotemia, among other symptoms.

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Written by Wang Li Bing

Intensive Care Medicine Department

42sec

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Treatment methods for hyperkalemia

In clinical practice, a blood potassium level greater than 5.5 millimoles per liter is referred to as hyperkalemia. Once hyperkalemia occurs, it must be actively managed: the first step is to stop using medications that increase blood potassium, such as sustained-release potassium chloride, potassium-sparing diuretics like spironolactone, and ACE inhibitors; the second step is to use calcium supplements to counteract the toxic effects of high potassium on the heart; the third step is to use hypertonic glucose with insulin and sodium bicarbonate to correct acidosis and promote the movement of potassium into the cells; the fourth step is to use the diuretic furosemide to help reduce blood potassium. If drug treatment is ineffective, bedside hemodialysis may be employed. (Use of the above medications should be under the guidance of a doctor.)

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

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Causes of Hyperkalemia

Common causes of hyperkalemia in clinical settings include: First, it is related to excessive intake. Generally, a high-potassium diet under normal kidney function does not cause hyperkalemia. It only occurs when there is excessive or rapid intravenous potassium supplementation, or when kidney function is impaired. Second, hyperkalemia caused by reduced excretion. Common reasons include renal failure, lack of adrenocortical hormones, and primary renal tubular potassium secretion disorders, all of which can cause hyperkalemia. Third, a large transfer of potassium ions from inside the cells to the outside can also cause hyperkalemia.

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Hyperkalemia

Typically, when serum potassium exceeds 5.5 mmol/L, it is referred to as hyperkalemia. However, an increase in serum potassium does not necessarily reflect an overall increase in body potassium; serum potassium can also rise when there is a deficiency of total body potassium. Therefore, in clinical practice, serum potassium is evaluated in conjunction with an electrocardiogram and medical history to determine if a patient has hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia is an important emergency in internal medicine and can often lead to sudden cardiac arrest. It should be identified and prevented early.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

49sec

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Why does hyperkalemia cause acidosis?

The concentration of potassium ions in serum is 3.5 to 5.5 millimoles per liter, and concentrations above 5.5 millimoles per liter are considered hyperkalemia. In the state of hyperkalemia, potassium ions in the extracellular fluid move into the intracellular fluid, while hydrogen ions in the intracellular fluid move to the extracellular fluid. At this time, through a compensatory mechanism, there is an increase in hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid, significantly higher than normal levels, resulting in acidosis. Therefore, hyperkalemia often accompanies metabolic acidosis, which in turn affects the renal tubular epithelial cells, causing an abnormal alkaline urine. This is the main reason why hyperkalemia leads to acidosis.