When a perianal abscess occurs, there is typically pus or an enclosed abscess under the skin. If the perianal abscess ruptures and drains pus, it may have developed into an anal fistula. Once a perianal abscess forms an anal fistula, surgical treatment should be carried out as soon as possible. The surgical methods for treating perianal abscesses and anal fistulas mainly include incision drainage debridement surgery and incision with seton placement. After the surgery, due to substantial secretion from the local wound, it is essential to disinfect and change dressings regularly and to monitor the wound daily. It is crucial to prevent excessive granulation or pseudohealing at the local site, which could encapsulate the infection and prevent complete recovery, potentially leading to recurrence in the future.