What are the symptoms of an anal fistula?

Written by Yang Dong

Colorectal Surgery Department

Updated on September 05, 2024

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Anal fistula is one of the common diseases in proctology. The most typical symptom of anal fistula is recurrent anal induration, accompanied by swelling, pain, and pus discharge, often with a ruptured external opening. During the quiescent phase, a hard cord can be felt leading from the ruptured external opening to the inside of the anus; during the acute inflammatory phase or abscess phase, pressing may cause pus to ooze from the ruptured opening.

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What are the precautions after undergoing anal fistula surgery?

Because anal fistula surgery primarily involves removing the internal opening and the fistula tract, the postoperative wound is relatively large. Postoperative care mainly requires consistent dressing changes to ensure the wound drainage remains unobstructed, avoiding infection or false healing. Additionally, patients should develop good bowel habits, maintain smooth bowel movements, and avoid withholding stool. Otherwise, this may lead to dry, hard stools, causing severe pain during defecation or damaging the wound, which could result in bleeding or edema. In terms of diet, patients should choose foods rich in roughage to ensure smooth defecation and eat foods rich in high-quality protein to supplement the amino acids the body needs, promoting wound healing as much as possible. Moreover, after surgery, patients must use an anal wash or potassium permanganate solution for sitz baths. Since the postoperative wound is open and contaminated, changing dressings is especially important.

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What should be paid attention to for anal fistula?

Patients with anal fistula, as there is an external opening in the anal region and intermittent thick secretion from this opening, should first ensure to keep the perianal area clean. It is recommended to change underwear daily and to cleanse the area after bowel movements with saline or hemorrhoid wash, and to conduct fumigation and hot compresses around the perianal area and the external opening to prevent irritation and even sharp pain caused by residual feces and secretions. Furthermore, during acute episodes of anal fistula, mupirocin ointment can be applied around the external opening for anti-inflammatory treatment. The definitive surgery for anal fistula primarily involves fistulotomy with seton placement. Without surgery, an anal fistula cannot be completely cured and may lead to worsened conditions such as thickening of the fistula wall or increased branching of the fistula channels.

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Can anal fistulas be left untreated?

If an explicit diagnosis of anal fistula is made, it cannot go untreated. If the anal fistula is localized around the anus but not actively treated and surgically removed, it is very likely to cause branching of the fistula tract or spread to the ischioanal fossa, as well as thickening of the fistula wall. This can exacerbate the symptoms of local infection, causing an increase in stabbing pain or purulent secretions. Prolonged, recurrent episodes of anal fistula may also lead to carcinogenic changes in the fistula wall due to inflammatory stimuli. Therefore, once an anal fistula is diagnosed, it is necessary to promptly undergo surgical treatment with fistulotomy and seton placement to prevent the condition from worsening and complicating later treatments.

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Does an anal fistula hurt?

Anal fistula mainly refers to the presence of a noticeable fistula in the tissue under the perianal skin, which connects the inner opening in the anal canal and the outer opening around the anus. Usually, the anal fistula does not cause significant pain when it is not in acute flare-up. However, if the anal fistula enters an acute episode, there may be pain due to inflammation at the local external opening of the anus, and possibly an increase in purulent discharge, which can irritate the skin around the external opening, causing stinging pain and itching. To prevent recurrent episodes of anal fistula and further aggravation of the condition, it is advised to seek surgery as soon as the fistula is detected.

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How long does it take to recover after surgery for an anal fistula?

After surgery for an anal fistula, the general recovery time is about twenty days to a month. The duration of recovery mainly depends on the size of the local lesion before surgery, as well as the surgical wound postoperatively, and also relates to the patient's constitution. Particularly, if the patient has certain underlying diseases, such as diabetes or a history of tuberculosis, the recovery time may be relatively extended. The wound after an anal fistula surgery is an open wound contaminated with bacteria, so postoperative wound dressing changes are very important for wound recovery. It is recommended that the secretion from the local wound be cleared daily, followed by disinfection with povidone-iodine, then application of an anti-inflammatory ointment, and covering the wound with an oil gauze strip for drainage to avoid poor drainage leading to false healing of the local wound.