Symptoms of Acute Pericarditis

Written by Li Hai Wen
Cardiology
Updated on August 31, 2024
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Acute pericarditis is not a common disease in daily life. What symptoms or clinical manifestations will appear after someone develops acute pericarditis? The clinical manifestations are mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, patients often experience chest pain and shortness of breath, and this pain often has a certain relationship with breathing. Second, the electrocardiogram often shows changes with ST segment elevation. Third, during a physical examination, doctors can often hear pericardial friction rub, or may feel the sensation of pericardial friction. Based on these symptoms and signs, doctors often make a diagnosis of acute pericarditis.

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Written by Liu Ying
Cardiology
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How is constrictive pericarditis treated?

We say constrictive pericarditis refers to a disorder of circulatory disturbances caused by the heart being encased in a densely thickened fibrotic or calcified pericardium, which restricts the filling of the ventricles during diastole. Most patients with constrictive pericarditis will progress to chronic constrictive pericarditis. At this point, the only effective treatment method is pericardiectomy, but the perioperative risk is very high. A small portion of patients have short-term or reversible pericardial constriction, so for patients who are recently diagnosed and have stable conditions, it is possible to try anti-inflammatory treatment for 2-3 months unless complications such as cardiac cachexia, cardiogenic cirrhosis, or myocardial atrophy occur. For tuberculous pericarditis, anti-tuberculosis treatment is recommended to delay the progression of pericardial constriction, and post-surgery, anti-tuberculosis treatment should continue for one year.

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Written by Liu Ying
Cardiology
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Treatment of constrictive pericarditis

Constrictive pericarditis refers to a disease in which the heart is surrounded by a densely thickened fibrotic or calcified pericardium, restricting ventricular diastolic filling and producing a series of circulatory disorders, typically chronic in nature. In China, the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis is tuberculosis. Constrictive pericarditis is a progressive disease, and most patients will develop chronic constrictive pericarditis. At this stage, pericardiectomy is the only effective treatment method. It should be performed early to avoid complications such as cardiac cachexia, severe liver dysfunction, and myocardial atrophy, with surgery usually carried out after controlling the pericardial infection. For tuberculosis patients, anti-tuberculosis treatment should continue for one year after surgery.

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Written by Liu Ying
Cardiology
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What are the symptoms of acute pericarditis?

Acute pericarditis is an acute inflammatory disease of the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. The most common causes are viral infections and bacterial infections, but autoimmune diseases and uremia can also cause acute pericarditis. Characteristic pain behind the sternum or in the precordial area is common during the fibrinous exudative phase of the inflammation. This pain is associated with respiratory movements and often worsens with coughing, deep breathing, changes in body position, or swallowing. The nature of the pain is very sharp and can radiate to the neck, left shoulder, left arm, or even the upper abdomen. As the condition progresses, symptoms can shift from the fibrinous phase pain to dyspnea during the exudative phase. Some patients may develop significant pericardial effusion, leading to cardiac tamponade, and subsequently exhibit a range of related symptoms, including dyspnea and edema.

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Written by Tang Li
Cardiology
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What are the infectious causes of pericarditis?

The causes of pericarditis include the following types: first, acute nonspecific; second, tumors; third, autoimmune disorders; fourth, metabolic diseases; fifth, physical factors such as trauma and radiation; sixth, diseases of adjacent organs and tissues, such as acute myocardial infarction, pleurisy, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, etc. The infectious causes of acute pericarditis mainly include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and rickettsiae. Common types of pericarditis include tuberculous pericarditis and purulent pericarditis.

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Written by Liu Ying
Cardiology
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Can acute pericarditis be cured?

Patients with acute pericarditis should identify the cause of pericarditis and treat accordingly, rest in bed until chest pain and fever subside, administer analgesics for pain relief, and if pericardial effusion occurs, administer corticosteroids for patients who do not respond well to other medications for absorbing effusion. In cases of excessive pericardial effusion leading to acute cardiac tamponade, immediate pericardiocentesis and fluid drainage are necessary. For persistent recurrent pericarditis lasting over two years, and in patients who cannot be controlled with steroids, or those with severe chest pain, surgical pericardiectomy may be considered as a treatment option.