Is encephalitis hereditary?

Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

Updated on March 05, 2025

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Encephalitis is mostly caused by viral infections. For instance, Epidemic B encephalitis is caused by the B encephalitis virus, and herpes simplex encephalitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus. Therefore, encephalitis is not related to genetic mutations and is not hereditary, so there is no need for special concern.

It is important to note that some cases of encephalitis are not directly related to viral infections and may be related to autoimmune responses. For example, autoimmune encephalitis can occur in patients experiencing immune system disorder, which may be accompanied by some tumors. A disordered immune system can produce antibodies that attack one's own brain tissue, leading to autoimmune encephalitis. This type of encephalitis also has no genetic tendencies.

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Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

1min 11sec

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What are the symptoms of encephalitis?

The clinical manifestations of encephalitis are complex and varied, primarily caused by infections from pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. There are numerous clinical symptoms, with fever being quite common; patients generally exhibit significant fevers, which can reach up to 38 degrees Celsius or even as high as 40 degrees Celsius. Headache is also a very common clinical manifestation of encephalitis, with some patients experiencing severe headaches accompanied by pronounced nausea and vomiting. Additionally, some patients may exhibit psychiatric symptoms, which mainly include incoherent speech, hallucinations, and failing to recognize family members. Some patients may experience cognitive impairments, such as diminished memory, and significant deficits in computational and judgment abilities. In severe cases, some patients may have epileptic seizures, characterized by convulsions of the limbs. Overall, the manifestations of encephalitis are diverse and can range from simple fever and headache to severe conditions such as psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairments, and epilepsy.

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Written by Tang Li Li

Neurology

1min 42sec

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How is encephalitis diagnosed?

The diagnosis of encephalitis relies on the following aspects. First, it is based on clinical manifestations. If the patient clearly exhibits symptoms such as headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and signs of increased intracranial pressure, and physical examination shows positive signs of meningeal irritation, then there is a high suspicion of encephalitis. Second, various auxiliary tests can be conducted. Initially non-invasive tests such as electroencephalograms (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the skull can be completed. If the MRI reveals significant abnormalities, such as abnormal signals in the frontal and temporal lobes including the hippocampus, then viral encephalitis should be highly suspected. If the EEG shows moderate abnormalities or increased slow waves, it also indicates damage to the cerebral cortex, serving as an indirect indicator of encephalitis. Third, a lumbar puncture can be performed to ascertain any abnormalities in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) routine and biochemical tests. If the cell count is elevated beyond ten times the normal value, an inflammatory infection is considered. There is often a minor to moderate increase in protein. The levels of glucose and chloride may decrease in bacterial and tuberculous encephalitis, while they are generally normal in viral encephalitis.

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Written by Tang Li Li

Neurology

1min 46sec

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How is encephalitis caused?

Encephalitis generally falls into two categories: one is infectious inflammation caused by pathogenic infections, and the other is immune inflammation caused by abnormalities in immune mechanisms. Among these, the infectious type is the most common, including viral encephalitis, viral meningitis, tuberculous meningoencephalitis, purulent meningitis, and cryptococcal meningitis, which are associated with infections by viruses, bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Cryptococcus, respectively. Additionally, abnormalities in the immune system often cause autoimmune encephalitis, as well as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica when involving the brain, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, all of which are types of autoimmune encephalitis. The treatment approaches for these two types of encephalitis are different. For pathogen-induced cases, treatment primarily targets the pathogens: antiviral drugs for viral encephalitis, antibiotics for bacterial encephalitis, anti-tubercular therapy involving multiple drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and antifungal drugs, such as amphotericin B, for cryptococcal meningitis. For immune-mediated encephalitis, treatments generally involve immunosuppressants, high-dose corticosteroids, or intravenous immunoglobulins.

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Written by Yan Xin Liang

Pediatrics

39sec

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Symptoms of baby encephalitis

Generally speaking, the symptoms of encephalitis in babies usually start with fever. Encephalitis is an infectious disease, and the majority of cases present with fever, which could be either high or low. Next is vomiting. Since small infants cannot express headache, they usually manifest symptoms through crying, irritability, and restlessness. Additionally, there might be lethargy and malaise. Some may experience seizures, and others might have stiff neck, characterized by rigidity of the neck and changes in muscle tone of the limbs, among other symptoms. These are all symptoms of encephalitis.

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Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

59sec

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How is encephalitis transmitted?

The commonly mentioned encephalitis is mainly caused by viral infections. There are many types of viruses that can cause encephalitis, including the more severe herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, etc. There are also some enteroviruses, like Coxsackie virus, and some adenoviruses. Typically, the transmission of encephalitis can occur via the fecal-oral route, where some enteroviruses enter the digestive tract through this route, then from the cells of the digestive tract to the bloodstream, and from there to the brain. Additionally, some viruses are transmitted through blood contact. For instance, if a patient has blisters that rupture and release a large amount of virus, and another person's blood comes into contact with these fluids, transmission can occur via blood. Generally, encephalitis is primarily transmitted through fecal-oral routes and bloodborne transmission.