How to treat pectus excavatum?

Written by Zhang Zhi Gong
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Updated on September 20, 2024
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There are many treatment methods for pectus excavatum, and the choice depends on the severity of the pectus excavatum, the age and chest wall elasticity of the child with pectus excavatum, the potential for further growth and development, and the expectations of the patient and their family. For younger children with pectus excavatum, where the chest wall is more elastic and soft, and in cases of mild pectus excavatum, a pectus excavatum suction cup can be considered. This device uses a certain amount of pressure, similar to a car suction cup, which is commonly seen in auto repair shops where a dented plastic bumper is gradually pulled out using a suction cup. This principle is also utilized by the pectus excavatum suction cup. Of course, this is under the premise that the patient is younger and has a softer chest, making it easier to be corrected by suction. For older patients with a harder chest, using a suction cup might not be appropriate, and surgical treatment may need to be considered. There are several surgical techniques available, ranging from the early Ravitch procedure, which involves a sternotomy and complete detachment of the sternum followed by flipping it, to the later Nuss procedure, and up to the current Wang surgical method and minimally invasive techniques.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong
Cardiothoracic Surgery
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Is the funnel chest suction cup effective?

If the patient is young and the chest wall still retains some elasticity, or there is a possibility of secondary development, then it might be worth trying a pectus excavatum suction cup. If during the development of the chest wall, the patient's family can actively encourage or supervise the use of the suction cup for over two hours a day, continuing for six months, preferably up to about two years, the suction cup can be somewhat effective. However, if the patient's chest wall is hard and lacks elasticity, or if there is little possibility of further development, then the suction cup might not be suitable for such patients. For patients whose chest wall has fully developed, the best or most definitive treatment for pectus excavatum is surgery. Therefore, while the pectus excavatum suction cup can be useful for some patients, it is not suitable for all patients.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong
Cardiothoracic Surgery
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Is pectus excavatum scary?

Is pectus excavatum scary? In a normal person, the thoracic transverse diameter and anteroposterior diameter have a normal ratio. For example, in normal individuals, this ratio of the transverse diameter to the anteroposterior diameter is less than 2.5. However, some children, due to congenital or acquired reasons, may have a sternum that is concave inward in the middle. In such cases, the concavity of the sternum significantly reduces the anteroposterior diameter, and the ratio of the transverse to anteroposterior diameter then becomes greater than 2.5. For pectus excavatum where the ratio is between 2.5 and 3.5, we suggest conservative treatment or observation, and a pectus excavatum suction cup can be used. If the ratio is greater than 3.5, the pectus excavatum is very pronounced, and we recommend surgical treatment. In severe cases of pectus excavatum, where the ratio of the transverse to anteroposterior diameter is greater than 4, there are instances where the chest is almost touching the back, with only a few millimeters of space between the anterior chest wall and the spine during surgery. In such severe cases, the heart is completely pushed to the left side of the patient, significantly affecting both cardiac and pulmonary function, impacting the patient’s physical development. In severe cases, it can also cause significant psychological issues, including severe feelings of inferiority, lack of self-confidence, poor social skills, and even severe depression or suicidal tendencies. Therefore, severe pectus excavatum can indeed be quite frightening.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong
Cardiothoracic Surgery
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How is funnel chest formed?

Regarding the cause of pectus excavatum, there have historically been many hypotheses. For a while, medical experts believed that pectus excavatum was caused by the backward pulling of the diaphragm behind the sternum. Thus, for a time, surgeries abroad involved cutting the portion of the diaphragm behind the depressed area of the chest. Eventually, it was discovered that such cutting did not significantly benefit the treatment of pectus excavatum, and the results were not very conclusive. Therefore, this hypothesis was later debunked. To date, it is generally believed that the primary formation of pectus excavatum is somewhat related to genetic or hereditary factors. Of course, not all cases of pectus excavatum are due to parents having the condition; it might be present in the genes of ancestors and only manifest in the current generation or in this patient. Additionally, pectus excavatum could be associated with other diseases, such as connective tissue disorders. For example, some patients might have congenital diaphragmatic hernias, and after surgical repair, they could be prone to pneumothorax. Furthermore, some patients may suffer from pectus excavatum due to subglottic stenosis and underdeveloped bronchopulmonary structures, possibly triggered by respiratory factors. However, no matter the details, the formation of pectus excavatum is directly or indirectly related to congenital genes or heredity.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong
Cardiothoracic Surgery
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Pectus excavatum causes

The etiology of pectus excavatum is not fully clear yet, but it has been found that the incidence of pectus excavatum greatly increases among patients with connective tissue diseases, possibly related to the disruption of the balance between growth genes and inhibitory genes affecting the cartilage on both sides of pectus excavatum. Moreover, it is also found that the complication of pectus excavatum significantly increases among patients with Marfan syndrome (also a type of connective tissue disease) and Noonan syndrome. In children with congenital airway stenosis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the incidence of pectus excavatum also significantly increases. This suggests that the causes of pectus excavatum are directly or indirectly related to genetics and heredity, and regardless, the causes of pectus excavatum, both acquired and congenital, are directly related to genes and heredity.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong
Cardiothoracic Surgery
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Can people with funnel chest gain weight?

The majority of pectus excavatum cases encountered clinically are congenital thoracic deformities, which means the sternum in the middle of the chest is indented inward and backward. This inward and backward indentation can compress the lungs and the heart, especially in severe cases of pectus excavatum, causing significant compression to the lungs and heart. It prevents the heart from fully expanding, and might even push the entire heart into the left chest cavity, also preventing the lungs from effectively expanding. Therefore, children with this condition tend to have weaker constitutions, are prone to colds, and their ability to engage in physical activities like running is not as good as other children. Pectus excavatum generally affects the development of children, especially in severe cases. Mild pectus excavatum involves only a slight indentation and does not severely compress the heart, and children with such a condition can still gain weight if their nutrition is adequate. However, in severe cases of pectus excavatum, besides impacting the heart and lungs, it can also affect the patient's personality, self-confidence, and social interactions, potentially leading to insecurity, depression, and even suicidal tendencies.