How is pulmonary embolism caused in young people?

Written by An Yong Peng
Pulmonology
Updated on November 14, 2024
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Common causes of pulmonary embolism in young people include the following aspects:

First, fractures, especially fractures of the lower limbs, are prone to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism;

Second, thrombophilia, some young people due to congenital genetic factors, which can lead to easy formation of blood clots in arteries or veins, and potentially increase the incidence of pulmonary embolism;

Third, prolonged immobilization, such as long periods of sitting, can lead to slow blood flow in the lower limbs, which might result in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism;

Fourth, other factors like severe infections could also trigger pulmonary embolism; furthermore, the risk of pulmonary embolism is also higher in pregnant women during the perinatal period.

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Written by Li Qiang
Intensive Care Unit
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Can pulmonary embolism result in a vegetative state?

After a pulmonary embolism, if it is an acute and extensive embolism and not treated promptly, it can lead to severe hypoxemia. If hypoxemia is not addressed quickly and persists, it will affect the oxygen supply to vital organs throughout the body, including the brain. The brain is the organ most vulnerable to oxygen deprivation. If there is complete lack of oxygen for just four minutes, irreversible damage occurs to the cerebral cortex, and the patient will not wake up, leading to a vegetative state. Therefore, in cases of acute extensive pulmonary embolism, if treatment is delayed, there is a significant risk of the patient entering a vegetative state, and the mortality rate is also very high. Many patients may experience sudden death.

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Written by Li Jian Wu
Pulmonology
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Early symptoms of pulmonary embolism

In the early stages of pulmonary embolism, symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and decreased oxygen saturation can occur. Early signs may include chest pain, as chest pain is often an initial symptom of pulmonary embolism. Sometimes the pain can be severe, and some patients may experience coughing, dry cough, and even cough up blood. There may also be symptoms of short exhalation and difficulty breathing, especially in patients with main trunk blockages, where the difficulty in breathing can be very pronounced. In more severe cases, some may experience fainting, suddenly collapsing while walking.

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Written by Li Qiang
Intensive Care Unit
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Why does pulmonary embolism cause cardiac arrest?

The mechanisms causing cardiac arrest due to acute pulmonary embolism mainly encompass several aspects. One is a large-scale acute extensive pulmonary embolism, which prevents the blood from being ejected from the right heart, potentially leading to acute right heart failure. At this time, the entire body's blood circulation will encounter issues. Another scenario is that following the pulmonary embolism, it causes severe hypoxia. This hypoxia can lead to oxygen deficiency in all organs of the body, including the heart. The coronary arteries that supply nutrients to the heart can also become ischemic. Both of these factors can cause the heartbeat to lead to sudden cardiac arrest. These are the primary mechanisms that can cause a sudden stop in the heartbeat.

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Written by Yuan Qing
Pulmonology
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Why should one lie flat for acute pulmonary embolism?

When acute pulmonary embolism occurs, it is primarily due to a thrombus from the venous system being carried by the venous blood flow back to the right heart, and then due to the ejection from the right heart, this thrombus gets lodged in the pulmonary artery, forming a pulmonary embolism. After the onset of pulmonary embolism, the primary treatment measure is to have the patient lie down and remain still. The reason is mainly that if the patient is standing or moving, it is very likely that the thrombus in the venous system could continue to detach and move within the venous system. This can worsen the symptoms of pulmonary embolism or lead to new embolic sites, so the treatment for the patient involves immobilization and lying down to avoid further movement, making this the most basic approach to treatment.

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Written by An Yong Peng
Pulmonology
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Does pulmonary embolism cause vomiting?

Vomiting is not a typical clinical manifestation of pulmonary embolism. For pulmonary embolism, typical symptoms generally include chest pain, coughing up blood, and difficulty breathing. Some patients may show atypical symptoms such as unexplained difficulty breathing, unexplained drops in blood pressure, fainting, and other related conditions. Additionally, some patients may exhibit arrhythmias. When the condition of a patient with pulmonary embolism becomes severe, it may be accompanied by significant respiratory failure or shock. In such cases, symptoms of vomiting might also be present. However, if there is just vomiting, the likelihood of pulmonary embolism is generally considered low, and other causes should be investigated first, such as gastrointestinal disorders.