How is diabetic nephropathy treated?

Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
Updated on September 21, 2024
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The treatment of diabetic nephropathy also depends on the specific stage the patient is in. During stages one to three, the main clinical treatments include controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids. Patients with diabetes often also have these metabolic disorders, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which can damage the kidneys. In addition, in the early stages, some medications are often chosen to reduce the pressure on the glomeruli. For example, using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter, these drugs can also slow the progression of kidney failure. However, if the patient's condition has progressed to stage five, which is essentially equivalent to the state of uremia, the patient will then need dialysis treatment.

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Written by Hu Lin
Nephrology
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How to prevent and treat diabetic nephropathy

The prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy include the following 6 aspects: The first is changing lifestyle, including controlling weight, diabetic diet, quitting smoking, quitting alcohol, and appropriate exercise. Changing lifestyle is the foundation of blood sugar control and a key to improving various metabolic disorders. The second is blood sugar control. Strict blood sugar control is the most important means to prevent the occurrence and development of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Under normal kidney function, it is recommended to keep glycated hemoglobin below 6.2%. For patients with abnormal kidney function or elderly patients, it can be relaxed to 7%. The third is to reduce blood pressure and proteinuria. The most commonly used medications are ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Once diabetic microalbuminuria appears, blood pressure should be controlled below 130/80 mmHg. The fourth is to restrict the intake of dietary protein, with a focus on animal protein, i.e., high-quality protein. Early stage protein intake should be controlled at 0.8-1g/kg; for patients who have developed renal failure, controlling protein intake at 0.6-0.8g/kg is more appropriate. The fifth involves controlling other factors, including a low-salt diet and treating hyperlipidemia. The sixth is the treatment of end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Since diabetic nephropathy patients frequently have cardiovascular complications and symptoms of uremia appear earlier, it is appropriate to start dialysis treatment early. (Please take medications under the guidance of a doctor.)

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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Can diabetic nephropathy undergo kidney transplantation?

Diabetic nephropathy has now become the leading cause of uremia in China, accounting for the largest proportion. In the 1980s and 1990s, chronic nephritis was the most common cause of uremia in China. Over the past decade, diabetic nephropathy has gradually surpassed chronic nephritis and become the leading condition. This condition requires dialysis or a kidney transplant when it progresses to uremia. Patients with diabetic nephropathy in a uremic state can undergo a kidney transplant. After the transplant, these patients still need to use medications to control their blood sugar and blood pressure, to prevent high blood sugar and high blood pressure from further damaging the new kidney. Of course, if conditions allow, performing a combined kidney and pancreas transplant might yield better results.

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Written by Luo Han Ying
Endocrinology
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Is early diabetic nephropathy reversible?

Diabetic nephropathy clinically mainly manifests as an increase in urine protein on routine urine tests. Thus, diabetic nephropathy can be classified into different stages. In the early stages, microalbuminuria appears, and at this early phase, diabetic nephropathy is actually reversible. However, if the condition progresses with significant proteinuria, it becomes difficult to reverse diabetic nephropathy through intervention treatments. Most clinical patients may experience a slight reduction in urine protein or maintain this condition long-term without further progression. However, some patients have already experienced an increase in creatinine levels by the time they reach this stage of diabetic nephropathy, making it particularly challenging to reverse the condition once creatinine levels rise. Therefore, for diabetic nephropathy, early detection and treatment are crucial, with the most important goal being the prevention of the disease's onset.

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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Symptoms of stage four diabetic nephropathy

Stage four of diabetic nephropathy indicates the presence of significant amounts of urinary protein. At this stage, patients may exhibit symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, which means the total urinary protein quantification over 24 hours may exceed 3.5 grams, and the plasma albumin level may be lower than 30 grams per liter. Due to the large amount of protein leakage, patients may experience edema, presenting as swelling of the lower limbs or eyelids, or even severe generalized swelling. In addition to edema, patients may also have pleural and abdominal effusion, leading to pulmonary edema. Excessive fluid can overburden the heart, causing heart failure, which manifests as chest tightness, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing, especially when the patient is active, these symptoms of chest tightness and shortness of breath become more pronounced.

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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How to reduce proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy

One major characteristic of patients with diabetic nephropathy is the increase in urine protein, and some patients may even have a large amount of urine protein. The treatment of this disease is indeed quite challenging, and there are not many effective treatments available clinically. In the early stages, when the patient's serum creatinine has not exceeded 256 µmol/L, clinicians often choose ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to reduce the pressure within the glomerulus and decrease urine protein. At the same time, it is recommended for patients to use insulin to control blood sugar. However, in recent years, there has been some progress in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, such as the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, which may help reduce urine protein. (Medication should be used under the guidance of a clinician, based on the specific condition of the patient.)