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Diabetes
How to control diet for diabetes
The diet for diabetes mainly involves setting reasonable blood sugar reduction targets. Before achieving these targets, strict dietary control is necessary. All fruits, nuts, fried foods, and barbecued foods must be avoided. Meals should be regular and quantified without any extra meals or snacks. The amount of rice for lunch and dinner should be controlled, approximately a couple of ounces per meal, while intake of sufficient vegetables is encouraged to satiate hunger. However, vegetables like pumpkin should not be eaten. A certain amount of lean meat can be included, but fatty meats are to be avoided. Additionally, dry foods are recommended for diabetics, while liquid diets, like soups and porridges, should be avoided. For breakfast, if blood sugar control is poor, one should temporarily avoid noodles and rice noodles. Instead, consuming some pure milk and an egg, along with buns or dumplings such as steamed dumplings or wontons, is acceptable.
Symptoms of diabetic foot
Diabetic foot is one of the severe chronic complications of diabetes, generally referred to as the abnormalities in the lower limbs caused by diabetic vascular neuropathy. Diabetic foot with gangrene of the extremity due to concurrent infection is referred to as diabetic foot with gangrene of the extremity, representing a serious stage in the progression of diabetic foot. The main symptoms of diabetic foot include: first, subcutaneous fat atrophy, thinning of the skin, common pigmentation spots on the shin, no hair on the feet and toes, and thickening of the toenails often accompanied by fungal infections; second, atrophy of the extremity muscles, malnutrition, poor muscle tone, and susceptibility to injury in joints and ligaments; third, visible sinking of the finger joints, joint bending, weakening or disappearance of foot deformities, and cool, swollen skin at the extremities; fourth, patients often experience extremity pain, numbness, sensory abnormalities, and dull or absent deep and superficial reflexes. In the initial stages of diabetic foot gangrene, blistering, blood blisters, erosion, and infection can gradually develop into ulcers, gangrene, or necrosis. Clinically, this is manifested as localized redness, swelling, increased skin temperature, pain, functional impairment, and the presence of purulent secretions, sometimes accompanied by a foul odor.
Diabetic foot prevention care
First of all, it's important to keep blood sugar under control. It's recommended that people with diabetes check their glycated hemoglobin every three months to see if their blood sugar levels meet the standards. Second, many patients suffer from diabetic foot due to severe diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Injuries such as stepping on a nail or accidental bumps may lead to infections. Therefore, it's suggested that patients with diabetes check their feet daily for any small wounds or ulcers, and if found, they should seek timely treatment from an endocrinology specialist. Third, using warm water for foot baths and treatments like local infrared lamp therapy are advised. It's important to ensure that the temperature is not too high, generally around 40 degrees Celsius, to avoid burning the skin.
Causes of diabetic foot
The main causes of diabetic foot are as follows: The first one is poor blood sugar control in patients. Some patients have long neglected their blood sugar levels, leading to consistently high levels. The second cause is vascular disease in the lower limbs of the patient, including arteriosclerosis, with severe cases leading to occlusion and subsequent ulceration of the feet. The third reason is the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients, which results in abnormal sensations or numbness in the feet. Many patients wearing new shoes or stepping on sharp objects inadvertently can lead to diabetic foot. The fourth cause is infection induced by patients who initially neglect minor foot injuries, or who improperly manage such injuries at home, leading to the development of diabetic foot. Therefore, we advise diabetics to maintain good control of their blood sugar and take timely measures to prevent diabetic foot.
Diabetic foot ulcer precursor
Diabetic foot, as we discuss in medical terms, refers to patients with a history of diabetes who, due to poor blood sugar control, experience various complications such as the narrowing of arteries in the lower limbs, insufficient blood and oxygen supply, and neuropathy, which results in insensitivity to temperature and pain, making them prone to burns or other injuries. Additionally, diabetic patients have compromised immune systems, making them susceptible to infections. When these three factors combine, it easily leads to diabetic foot, which is also the precursor to what is colloquially known as "rotten foot" in diabetes.
Care of diabetic foot
The care of diabetic foot is very important. In our daily life, we need to do the following aspects. First, regularly wash and check both feet. During washing, the water temperature should not be too high. Also, keep the skin moist to prevent it from drying and cracking. Second, choose suitable shoes and socks, preferably loose-fitting to avoid tightness. Third, be careful when trimming toenails, making sure not to damage the skin of the feet. If there are any sores, go to the hospital immediately for treatment. Fourth, avoid using corrosive chemicals on the feet.
How to treat diabetic foot?
Diabetic foot is one of the most severe complications of diabetes. It is caused by a combination of factors including peripheral vascular disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy associated with diabetes. In such cases, treatment can involve internal medicine, interventional vascular treatment, and surgical treatment cooperatively managed by multiple vascular departments. Early treatment focuses on controlling blood sugar, improving circulation, and nourishing nerves. If ulcerations and skin breakdown have already occurred in the foot, further debridement and anti-infection treatments are necessary. It is essential to conduct an ultrasound of the lower limb vessels to assess for any vascular narrowing. If severe vascular occlusion occurs, vascular surgery may be needed to restore blood flow. In cases of severe diabetic foot with infection, surgical debridement or even amputation may be necessary. Thus, it is crucial to control blood sugar well in the early stages of diabetes to prevent these complications and potentially avoid the onset of diabetic foot.
How to Control Gestational Diabetes
During pregnancy, if the pregnant woman has diabetes, it is essential to control blood sugar reasonably. Otherwise, high blood sugar can seriously affect both the fetus and the pregnant woman, and in severe cases, it can cause diabetic ketoacidosis in the pregnant woman and fetal death in utero. Diabetes in pregnant women can be intervened in the following ways: First, through dietary control, eat less sugary foods, such as sweets, pastries, and fruits. Second, it is necessary to be moderately active during pregnancy, taking a walk or maintaining 5,000 to 10,000 steps daily, which helps in the consumption of glucose in the body. Third, if the above two methods are ineffective, insulin should be used to control diabetes.
How to reduce swelling in diabetic foot
How to reduce swelling in diabetic foot depends on the condition of the swelling. If the swelling is due to a wound on the diabetic foot causing localized redness and swelling, this condition needs anti-infective treatment. It is recommended to culture the wound secretion and choose a sensitive antibiotic; if the swelling is diffuse in the foot, it is also recommended to perform an ultrasound of the lower limb vessels, including arteries and veins. If this indicates poor venous return in the lower limbs or venous thrombosis, treatment to prevent thrombosis and improve venous return should also be added.
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
The treatment of type 2 diabetes includes the following aspects. First, dietary treatment is recommended, advising regular and quantitative meals three times a day, and avoiding late-night snacks and extra meals. Second, appropriate exercise. Third, self-monitoring of blood glucose; it is best to purchase a glucometer for home use and show the recorded blood glucose levels to the doctor during hospital visits. Fourth, diabetes education. Fifth, medication treatment, which includes oral medications and insulin therapy. It's important to visit an endocrinology specialist promptly to determine the most suitable medication under the guidance of a doctor.