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Anal fistula
What should be paid attention to for anal fistula?
Patients with anal fistula, as there is an external opening in the anal region and intermittent thick secretion from this opening, should first ensure to keep the perianal area clean. It is recommended to change underwear daily and to cleanse the area after bowel movements with saline or hemorrhoid wash, and to conduct fumigation and hot compresses around the perianal area and the external opening to prevent irritation and even sharp pain caused by residual feces and secretions. Furthermore, during acute episodes of anal fistula, mupirocin ointment can be applied around the external opening for anti-inflammatory treatment. The definitive surgery for anal fistula primarily involves fistulotomy with seton placement. Without surgery, an anal fistula cannot be completely cured and may lead to worsened conditions such as thickening of the fistula wall or increased branching of the fistula channels.
How to deal with a ruptured anal fistula?
The clinical symptoms of anal fistula mainly include intermittent discharge of pus from the external opening near the anus, or occasional acute attacks that cause redness, swelling, heat, and pain around the external opening of the anus. If the external opening of the anal fistula breaks and discharges pus, or is accompanied by pain, it is considered an acute phase of the anal fistula. The primary method of management and treatment is surgery, with the main surgical approach being fistulotomy and seton placement. To locally alleviate the inflammatory symptoms of the external opening of the anal fistula, anti-inflammatory ointments can be applied for temporary anti-inflammatory treatment. However, to avoid the local complications such as thickening or branching of the fistula, it is advised that patients undergo surgical treatment of the anal fistula as soon as possible. (Please use medication under the guidance of a professional physician, and do not self-medicate.)
Does an anal fistula hurt?
Anal fistula mainly refers to the presence of a noticeable fistula in the tissue under the perianal skin, which connects the inner opening in the anal canal and the outer opening around the anus. Usually, the anal fistula does not cause significant pain when it is not in acute flare-up. However, if the anal fistula enters an acute episode, there may be pain due to inflammation at the local external opening of the anus, and possibly an increase in purulent discharge, which can irritate the skin around the external opening, causing stinging pain and itching. To prevent recurrent episodes of anal fistula and further aggravation of the condition, it is advised to seek surgery as soon as the fistula is detected.
Is anal fistula prone to recurrence?
If active anal fistulotomy and thread-drawing surgery are carried out after the onset of an anal fistula, it generally does not recur easily. However, if patients do not pay attention to good dietary and defecation habits after being discharged, it may lead to the reoccurrence of the anal fistula. This is because there are multiple anal crypts within the anal canal, and removing the local anal crypts during this episode does not guarantee that other anal crypts will not become inflamed or infected in the future. Especially when patients consume excessive amounts of chili peppers or alcohol, or when they experience diarrhea, it can potentially trigger another infection of the anal crypts. Therefore, to prevent recurrence of anal fistulas, it is necessary to cultivate good defecation and dietary habits to avoid the reoccurrence of anal fistulas.
How to reduce swelling when an anal fistula flares up?
An anal fistula flare-up can cause perianal swelling, pain, and discharge of pus and blood. For an anal fistula flare-up, initial conservative treatment with medications is an option, such as sitting baths using anal cleansing agents or potassium permanganate solutions after defecation. The sitting bath should last between five to ten minutes to help reduce swelling and relieve pain. After the bath, topical application of mupirocin ointment or other anti-inflammatory ointments like Golden Ointment may also be used to reduce swelling and inflammation. For severe infections, intravenous or oral antibiotics may be prescribed to reduce inflammation. However, clinically, it is recommended to opt for surgical removal of the anal fistula as early as possible. Early removal of the internal opening and the fistula tract is necessary for a complete cure of the anal fistula. If an anal fistula repeatedly flares up, it can easily lead to the formation of more fistula branches, forming complex anal fistulas, increasing the difficulty of later surgeries and enlarging the wound surface post-operation.
How long does it take for an anal fistula to form?
An anal fistula is a tract left after an anal abscess bursts spontaneously or is surgically drained, generally consisting of a primary internal opening, a fistula tract, and a secondary external opening. Thus, an anal fistula and an anal abscess represent two stages of the same disease: initially, there is an anal abscess, and then, after the pus from the abscess is drained, an anal fistula forms. Typically, the transformation from an anal abscess to an anal fistula takes about two to three months, meaning that an anal fistula can form about three months after the abscess bursts.
Is an anal fistula close to the anus considered high or low position?
In general, anal fistulas close to the anus are considered low anal fistulas. Clinically, anal fistulas are classified as either high or low based on the levator ani muscle as the boundary. Those located above the levator ani muscle are considered high anal fistulas, while those below are considered low anal fistulas. Clinically, the treatment for anal fistulas primarily involves surgical intervention. Options include fistulectomy, which involves the removal of the internal opening and the fistula tract. Post-surgery care may include the use of anal cleansing agents, red oil gauze strips, and golden ointment for dressing changes to promote wound healing. It is important to maintain smooth bowel movements and consume a light diet. High, complex anal fistulas may easily damage the anal sphincter or even the anorectal ring, leading to fecal incontinence. Therefore, during surgery, the thread hanging method may be chosen to avoid excessive damage to the anal sphincter.
How long does it take to recover after surgery for an anal fistula?
After surgery for an anal fistula, the general recovery time is about twenty days to a month. The duration of recovery mainly depends on the size of the local lesion before surgery, as well as the surgical wound postoperatively, and also relates to the patient's constitution. Particularly, if the patient has certain underlying diseases, such as diabetes or a history of tuberculosis, the recovery time may be relatively extended. The wound after an anal fistula surgery is an open wound contaminated with bacteria, so postoperative wound dressing changes are very important for wound recovery. It is recommended that the secretion from the local wound be cleared daily, followed by disinfection with povidone-iodine, then application of an anti-inflammatory ointment, and covering the wound with an oil gauze strip for drainage to avoid poor drainage leading to false healing of the local wound.
Symptoms of hemorrhoids and anal fistula
If there are concurrent hemorrhoids and anal fistulas, then the clinical manifestations primarily involve the combined symptoms of both conditions. The clinical manifestations of hemorrhoids mainly include recurrent prolapse of local swellings at the anus along with defecation bleeding or pain. As for anal fistulas, they primarily present with local infectious symptoms at the anus because anal fistulas have distinct external and internal openings. During acute episodes, there typically is intermittent discharge of pus from the external opening along with accompanying stabbing pain. If the patient also has hemorrhoids or an exposed anal fissure, it is recommended to proceed with surgical treatment as soon as possible. The only treatment method for anal fistulas is surgery. During the surgery, while excising the wall of the anal fistula tract, mixed hemorrhoids can also be removed simultaneously, achieving the purpose of complete cure.
Anal fistulas secondary to which disease?
An anal fistula generally originates from a perianal abscess, which is an infection focus formed near the anal sinuses in the local area of the anus. During its onset, there is obvious local redness, swelling, heat, and pain accompanied by the formation of a pus cavity containing pus. As the condition of the perianal abscess worsens, the local pus cavity will rupture and discharge pus, thus forming an anal fistula. After the rupture of a perianal abscess, its external opening cannot heal by itself, and there will be intermittent recurring discharge of pus. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out surgical treatment as soon as possible after the formation of an anal fistula, to prevent the enlargement of the local pus cavity or thickening of the fistula wall, which complicates later surgery and treatment and significantly impacts the patient's normal life.