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Hu Qi Feng
Pediatrics
About me
Since graduating in 2003, I have been working in pediatric clinical practice and have extensive experience in this field. In 2012, I completed a training program in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at the Children's Hospital in Hunan Province, focusing on respiratory management and mechanical ventilation for critically ill children, as well as the treatment of septic shock.
Proficient in diseases
Specializing in pediatric critical care, dedicated to rescuing and treating children with critical conditions such as respiratory failure, heart failure, shock, poisoning, etc., and has been involved in the treatment of severe cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease multiple times.
Voices
The reason for squatting in Tetralogy of Fallot
The reason for squatting is that when squatting, the lower limbs are bent, which reduces the amount of blood returning to the heart through the veins, thereby reducing the load on the heart. At the same time, the arteries in the lower limbs are compressed, which increases the resistance in the systemic circulation and reduces the right-to-left shunt volume, allowing temporary relief from hypoxia symptoms. Babies who cannot walk often like to be held by adults in a position that bends the lower limbs to reduce the amount of blood returning to the heart. This frequently occurs during walking and playing, often characterized by brief periods of squatting.
Tetralogy of Fallot's composition and its causes of formation
Tetralogy of Fallot consists of four abnormalities. First, there is a narrowing at the right ventricular outflow, ranging from the entrance of the right ventricular infundibulum to the branches of the left and right pulmonary arteries. Second, there is a ventricular septal defect, characterized by a deficiency around the membranous part that extends towards the outflow. Third, the aorta overrides, where the base of the aorta is enlarged and rotates clockwise to the right, straddling the septal defect. Fourth, right ventricular hypertrophy, which is a secondary lesion.
Can intussusception in children cause fever?
In the early stages of intussusception, the child generally remains in good condition, with normal body temperature and no symptoms of systemic poisoning. As the disease progresses and worsens, complications such as intestinal necrosis or peritonitis may develop, leading to deterioration of the overall condition. At this point, severe dehydration, high fever, lethargy, coma, and shock, among other symptoms of poisoning, can occur. Therefore, fever can indeed appear in the later stages of intussusception.
Tetralogy of Fallot Clinical Characteristics
Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in infancy, accounting for about 12% of all congenital heart diseases. It is caused by malformations of four heart structures: 1. right ventricular outflow tract obstruction; 2. ventricular septal defect; 3. overriding aorta; 4. right ventricular hypertrophy. Its clinical manifestations may include cyanosis, squatting symptoms, clubbed fingers, and paroxysmal hypoxia attacks. Physical examinations generally show delayed development, a prominent precordial area, and at the second to fourth rib interspace along the left sternal margin, a grade 2 to 3 rough systolic murmur can be heard.
Emergency treatment for cyanosis in Tetralogy of Fallot
During hypoxic attacks of Tetralogy of Fallot, for mild cases, adopting the knee-chest position can provide relief. Severe cases should immediately receive oxygen and be given relevant medication treatment. Normally, attention should be paid to removing factors that cause hypoxic attacks, such as anemia and infections, and keep the child as calm as possible. For cases where hypoxia cannot be effectively controlled through the above measures, emergency surgical repair should be considered.
Tetralogy of Fallot seizure causes
The cause of seizures in Tetralogy of Fallot is episodic hypoxia leading to cerebral hypoxia, which causes seizures, commonly seen in infants. These seizures can be triggered by feeding, crying, emotional excitement, anemia, or infections, manifesting as episodic breathing difficulties. In severe cases, sudden fainting, convulsions, or even death may occur. The underlying cause is the narrowing of the pulmonary artery infundibulum and sudden muscle spasms, which lead to temporary pulmonary artery obstruction, worsening cerebral hypoxia.
Pediatric pneumonia nursing measures
The nursing measures for children's pneumonia include ensuring indoor air circulation, maintaining a temperature between 18 to 24 degrees Celsius, and keeping humidity at 60%. Nutritionally rich diets should be provided. For severely ill children who have difficulty eating, parenteral nutrition can be given. Nursing care should include regular changes in position to reduce lung congestion, frequent back patting to help absorb inflammation and expel phlegm, isolation to prevent cross-infection, and attention to the replenishment and correction of water and electrolytes. Electrolyte imbalance should be addressed, and proper fluid supplementation can also help in opening the airways, but it is important to ensure that the infusion rate is not too fast as it may increase the burden on the heart.
Causes of intussusception in children
The etiology of intussusception is divided into primary and secondary types, with 95% being primary, which is common in infants and young children. In infants, the mesentery of the ileocecal region is not yet fully fixed and has a larger degree of mobility, which is a structural factor conducive to the occurrence of intussusception. Secondary cases account for about 5%, often secondary to Meckel's diverticulum, intestinal polyps, intestinal tumors, intestinal duplications, and abdominal purpura causing swelling and thickening of the intestinal wall, which can lead to intussusception. Certain factors may cause a change in the rhythmic movement of the intestines leading to disorder, thereby inducing intussusception, such as changes in diet, viral infections, and diarrhea.
Symptoms and Treatment of Chickenpox in Children
Chickenpox is an acute, contagious, exanthematous disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection. Before the rash appears, symptoms such as fever, discomfort, and loss of appetite may occur. The fever typically lasts about one day before the rash emerges. The rash initially appears on the head, face, and trunk with a centripetal distribution. The rash can present as macules, papules, vesicles, and crusts all appearing simultaneously. Rashes can also appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth and the genital area. The treatment for chickenpox involves symptomatic and supportive care, and antiviral medications may be used appropriately to protect the skin and prevent scratching.
Symptoms of intussusception in infants
The clinical manifestations of intussusception mainly include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stools, and an abdominal mass. The abdominal pain is often spasmodic and regular, manifesting as sudden severe colicky pain. The child appears to be crying and restless, with knees drawn up to the abdomen, pale complexion, and the pain lasts for several minutes or longer but lessens after; it recurs every ten to twenty minutes, accompanied by intestinal movements. Vomiting is an early clinical symptom, initially consisting of milk curds or food residue, and later may include bile and fecal-like liquid. Bloody stool is an important symptom, appearing within the first few hours; initially, the stools can be normal, with about 85% of cases excreting jam-like mucoid bloody stools within six to twelve hours of onset. The abdominal mass is often located in the upper right abdomen below the costal margin, where a slight, tender mass can be palpated.