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Zhang Xiu Rong
Obstetrics and Gynecology
About me
I graduated from Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and have been working in the field of obstetrics and gynecology for over 20 years. I have attended advanced training programs at higher level hospitals and have published multiple national-level papers.
Proficient in diseases
Specializes in the treatment of common gynecological diseases, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, vaginitis, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.
Voices
Is breast tenderness a sign that menstruation is coming?
Normally, if breast pain occurs before each menstrual period, it is generally considered that menstruation is approaching. However, some patients may also experience breast pain in the early stages of pregnancy. This type of pain usually occurs when the menstrual period does not arrive as expected, and at this time, the breast pain might be due to pregnancy. In such cases, it is advisable to visit a hospital for early pregnancy tests to obtain a clear diagnosis. If the test results indicate that pregnancy is not the cause of the breast pain, then it is likely that menstruation is approaching. Some patients may experience breast pain due to liver qi stagnation before their period, which is considered a pathological state and generally requires medication for symptomatic treatment. If pregnancy tests are negative and breast pain occurs, it is highly likely that menstruation is imminent.
Is infertility immunotherapy effective?
Infertility immunotherapy is effective, first looking at the cause of infertility. If infertility arises due to immune dysfunction, immunotherapy can be employed for targeted treatment at that time. If it is caused by fallopian tube blockage, tubal hydrotubation can be performed, followed by further fallopian tube treatment. Furthermore, if infertility is caused by anovulation of the ovaries, initially monitor the follicles via ultrasound. If indeed the follicles are not ovulating, medication can be used to stimulate ovulation. If infertility is caused by endocrine disorders, it is essential to regulate the endocrine system accordingly. Therefore, whether infertility immunotherapy is useful depends on the cause. If infertility occurs due to immune dysfunction, immunotherapy can be effective. If infertility is caused by other reasons, immunotherapy will be ineffective, hence it is crucial to evaluate the situation accordingly.
What causes menstrual cramps?
Dysmenorrhea is generally caused by endometriosis in the majority of cases. If the endometrium is misplaced in the ovaries, it can form ovarian chocolate cysts; if misplaced into the myometrium, it can lead to adenomyosis, which generally presents with dysmenorrhea that tends to worsen over time. In most cases, this condition is considered to be caused by endometriosis. Additionally, the occurrence of dysmenorrhea should not exclude the possibility of being caused by a cold uterus. Patients with a cold uterus might experience lower abdominal pain and a cold lower abdomen during menstruation; in such cases, treatment can involve warming the meridians to dispel cold and using warming and pain-relieving medicines for symptomatic treatment. Moreover, if dysmenorrhea is caused by Qi stagnation and blood stasis, there might be a large volume of menstrual blood accompanied by large blood clots during the bleeding process. Treatment in this scenario would involve using medicines that invigorate the blood, break up stasis, soften hardness, and disperse conglomeration for symptomatic management.
How to check for endometrial polyps?
Endometrial polyp examinations are generally conducted through ultrasound at hospitals, which can provide a clear diagnosis. The best time for this ultrasound is within three to seven days after the end of menstruation. During this period, the thickness of the endometrium is between three to four millimeters, and the endometrial echo is uniform. If, during this period, the endometrial thickness is greater than four millimeters and the echo suggests unevenness, this generally indicates a high possibility of endometrial polyps. Patients with endometrial polyps typically experience shorter menstrual cycles, usually occurring every 20 days, with longer menstruation periods. Normally, the menstruation period lasts from three to seven days, but in patients with endometrial polyps, it can extend to over eight to ten days. Therefore, through symptoms and ultrasound, it is possible to determine whether there are endometrial polyps.
Can vaginitis be detected through a vaginal discharge test?
Vulvitis can generally be detected by examining the vaginal discharge. Normally, vaginal discharge is clear, transparent, odorless, and minimal which is considered normal. The majority of cases of vulvitis and vaginitis are due to abnormal secretions. At this time, a definitive diagnosis can be made through the analysis of these secretions. Usually, a routine secretion test at a hospital is sufficient. If the secretion is abnormal, treatment can be based on the type of infection indicated by the routine test results. Thus, most cases of vulvitis can be diagnosed through routine vaginal discharge tests. Patients with vulvitis generally improve after a week of treatment and should pay attention to vulvar hygiene after recovery to prevent infection.
Is bacterial vaginosis serious?
Bacterial vaginosis is not serious; it is a common disease among women. In most clinical cases, when women have vaginal inflammation, bacterial infection may occur. It is generally diagnosed through the analysis of secretions, and after confirming it is bacterial vaginosis, appropriate medication will be selected based on the test results for symptomatic treatment. It's a common condition among women, and after treatment, it is important to maintain good vulvar hygiene. If any discomfort occurs, it is crucial to visit the hospital promptly for further diagnosis and treatment. Bacterial vaginosis is easily treatable, typically showing improvement within a week of medication. If a recurrence occurs around the time of the next menstrual period, another course of treatment may be used. This disease is not serious and is commonly seen in women.
Does vulvitis cause an abnormal odor in vaginal discharge?
Vulvitis generally results in abnormal vaginal discharge, primarily characterized by abnormal secretions causing itching and odor in the vulva. Normally, vaginal discharge in women is clear, transparent, odorless, and minimal, which is considered normal. If the discharge has an odor, it most commonly suggests a bacterial infection or a trichomonas infection. In cases of trichomonas infection, the discharge typically has a fishy smell, is watery, and accompanied by itching, leading to vulvitis reactions. At this point, a secretion test at the hospital can be conducted, followed by targeted treatment based on the test results. Furthermore, bacterial vaginitis can also present with odorous discharge. This condition typically involves yellow, thick, abundant discharge, and vulval itching. Treatment can then be tailored based on examination results, selecting appropriate topical medications. (Medication should be used under the guidance of a doctor.)
What tests are done to diagnose endometritis?
Endometritis is generally definitively diagnosed by undergoing a diagnostic curettage at the hospital, where material is scraped and then sent for pathological examination to confirm the presence of endometritis. Clinically, the diagnosis of endometritis is mostly based on a combination of clinical symptoms and gynecological ultrasound examination. Patients with endometritis typically experience abdominal pain during menstruation, lower abdominal pain, and an unusual odor during their period. At such times, anti-inflammatory medication can be administered symptomatically. Most pelvic cases are considered to be anaerobic bacterial infections, thus medications targeting anaerobic bacteria can be used for symptomatic treatment. Therefore, while the definitive diagnosis of endometritis is established through diagnostic curettage, this procedure is invasive, and in most clinical cases, it is not performed. If endometritis is initially suspected, it is generally assessed through gynecological internal examination, ultrasound, and the patient's clinical manifestations and symptoms, followed by symptomatic treatment.
Will uterine polyps cause bleeding during intercourse?
Endometrial polyps generally do not cause bleeding after sexual intercourse. However, bleeding after sexual intercourse can occur if there are polyps in the cervical canal. Clinically, endometrial polyps generally present with shorter menstrual cycles, occurring every 20-something days. The period duration is also typically longer; normally, a period lasts from three to seven days. In patients with endometrial polyps, the period can extend up to eight or nine days. Under such circumstances, endometrial polyps are generally suspected, and patients are often advised to visit a hospital for an ultrasound to examine the thickness of the endometrial lining and its echo characteristics, allowing for a definitive diagnosis of endometrial polyps. Endometrial polyps do not cause bleeding after sexual intercourse. Bleeding after intercourse is generally considered clinically if there are conditions such as cervical cancer, precancerous cervical conditions, cervical polyps, or other cervical alterations. Thus, if bleeding after intercourse occurs, it is crucial to undergo cervical cancer screening at a hospital.
Moderate cervical erosion treatment duration
Patients with moderate cervical erosion can generally use topical medications for treatment. If treating with topical medications, it usually involves applying the medication for 7 to 10 days per month, continuing for three menstrual cycles before a follow-up examination. Alternatively, patients with moderate cervical erosion can opt for physical treatments such as laser therapy, electrocoagulation, or cryoablation. Typically, one or two sessions of such treatments can lead to improvement. After treatment using physical methods, the cervix usually returns to normal within two months. Furthermore, before patients with cervical erosion seek treatment at the hospital, they must first undergo cervical cancer screening to rule out cervical cancer and precancerous conditions. Only if cervical erosion is confirmed without accompanying cancerous or precancerous conditions, treatment with medication or laser can be considered. Cervical cancer screening typically involves a TCT (ThinPrep Cytologic Test) and HPV (Human Papillomavirus) virus testing. These tests help determine whether the cervical condition includes cancer or precancerous changes, and if it's only inflammation, then treatment with medication or laser is feasible.